Variation is the basis for evolution, and understanding how variation can evolve is a central question in biology. In complex phenotypes, covariation plays an even more important role, as genetic associations between traits can bias and alter evolutionary change. Covariation can be shaped by complex interactions between loci, and this genetic architecture can also change during evolution. In this article, we analyzed mouse lines experimentally selected for changes in size to address the question of how multivariate covariation changes under directional selection, as well as to identify the consequences of these changes to evolution. Selected lines showed a clear restructuring of covariation in their cranium and, instead of depleting their size variation, these lines increased their magnitude of integration and the proportion of variation associated with the direction of selection. This result is compatible with recent theoretical works on the evolution of covariation that take the complexities of genetic architecture into account. This result also contradicts the traditional view of the effects of selection on available covariation and suggests a much more complex view of how populations respond to selection.
All_control_t_posterior_G
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices from the BSFG model for control t line in .csv format.
All_downwards_s_posterior_G
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices from the BSFG model for downwards s line in .csv format.
All_downwards_h_posterior_G
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices from the BSFG model for downwards h line in .csv format.
All_upwards_s'_posterior_G
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices from the BSFG model for upwards s' line in .csv format.
All_upwards_h'_posterior_G
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices from the BSFG model for upwards h' line in .csv format.
All_control_t_posterior_P
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices from the BSFG model for control t line in .csv format.
All_downwards_s_posterior_P
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices from the BSFG model for downwards s line in .csv format.
All_downwards_h_posterior_P
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices from the BSFG model for downwards h line in .csv format.
All_upwards_s'_posterior_P
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices from the BSFG model for upwards s' line in .csv format.
All_upwards_h'_posterior_P
Complete set of posterior distribution of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices from the BSFG model for upwards h' line in .csv format.
CI_control_t_distribution_G
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices for control t line in .csv format.
CI_downwards_s_distribution_G
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices for downwards s line in .csv format.
CI_downwards_h_distribution_G
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices for downwards h line in .csv format.
CI_upwards_s'_distribution_G
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices for upwards s' line in .csv format.
CI_upwards_h'_distribution_G
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance G-matrices for upwards h' line in .csv format.
CI_control_t_distribution_P
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices for control t line in .csv format.
CI_downwards_s_distribution_P
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices for downwards s line in .csv format.
CI_downwards_h_distribution_P
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices for downwards h line in .csv format.
CI_upwards_s'_distribution_P
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices for upwards s' line in .csv format.
CI_upwards_h'_distribution_P
Confidence intervals and mean of the complete set of posterior distribuition of 1000 variance and covariance P-matrices for upwards h' line in .csv format.
ratones_df_raw
Table containing individual weight at 49 days and all cranial measurements in .csv format. Description of data: ID: catalog number, SEX: sex (Male or Female), GER: generation of the artificial selection experiment, LIN: experimental line (control t, downwards s, downwards h, upwards s' and upwards h'), MADRE: Pedigree Dam, PADRE: Pedigree Sire,
AGE: age at sacrifice, P49: weight at 49 days of age, TAKE: paired individual replicas, selection: direction of selection (downwards, upwards or control), IS_PM-BA_OPI: set of 35 cranial euclidean distances (represented in Figure S4).
pedigree
Pedigree data in .csv format.