Hood, Glen R.1; Forbes, Andrew A.2; Powell, Thomas H. Q.1; Egan, Scott P.1; Hamerlinck, Gabriela2; Smith, James J.3; Feder, Jeffrey L.1

Published Sep 22, 2016 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5n72m

Abstract

Understanding how new life forms originate is a central question in biology. Population divergence is usually studied with respect to how single lineages diverge into daughter taxa. However, populations may not always differentiate in isolation; divergence of one taxon could create new niche opportunities in higher trophic levels, leading to the sequential origin of many new taxa. Here, we show that this may be occurring for three species of parasitoid wasps attacking Rhagoletis fruit flies. As flies shift and adapt to new host plants, wasps follow suit and diverge in kind, resulting in a multiplicative increase of diversity as the effects of ecologically based divergent selection cascade through the ecosystem. Biodiversity therefore may potentially beget increasing levels of biodiversity.

Usage notes

Table 1. Collecting Sites

Collecting sites analyzed in the study

Table 2. Microsatellite Loci Details

List of microsatellites genotyped in the study and oligonucleotide primer pairs (forward and reverse) used to PCR amplify loci.

Table 3. Microsatellite allele frequencies for Utetes canaliculatus

Microsatellite allele frequencies for U. canaliculatus attacking different Rhagoletis hosts (hawthorn, apple, snowberry, and flowering dogwood flies) at nine sites designated 1-9 in the eastern U.S.

Table 4. Microsatellite Allele Frequencies for Diachasmimorpha mellea

Microsatellite allele frequencies for D. mellea attacking different Rhagoletis hosts (hawthorn, apple, blueberry, and black cherry flies) at at four sites designated 1, 2, 3 & 6 in the eastern U.S.

Table 5. Results From Host Fruit Odor Discrimination of D. mellea and U. canaliculatus

Results from host fruit odor discrimination assays conducted in a Y-tube olfactometer for U. canaliculatus and D. mellea.

Table 6. Results From Cross-reared D. alloeum Host Odor Discrimination

Results from host fruit odor discrimination assays conducted in a Y-tube olfactometer where individual hawthorn origin and blueberry origin D. alloeum were reared for a single generation through a non-natal apple host plant and the apple infesting host race of R. pomonella host flies

Table 7. The Site of Mating Assembly For U. canaliculatus and D. mellea.

The site of mating assembly for U. canaliculatus and D. mellea.

Table 8. Eclosion timing for flies and wasps

The number of days to eclosion following post-winter heating for different host associated populations of flies in the Rhagoletis pomonella sibling species complex and the parasitoid wasps that attack the flies (U. canaliculatus and D. mellea).

Table 9. Longevity Estimates for U. canaliculatus and D. mellea

Estimates of longevity of adult D. mellea and U. canaliculatus.

Table 10. Genotypes x Eclosion Timing for U. canaliculatus

Raw genotype scores for individual U. canaliculatus attacking sympatric pairs of hawthorn and apple flies across 20 loci (labeled UC08-UC061) used in two-way ANOVA's to test for associations with eclosion timing.

Table 11. Genotypes x Eclosion Timing for D. mellea

Raw genotype scores for individual D. mellea attacking sympatric pairs of hawthorn and apple flies across 21 loci (labeled DM01-DM65) used in two-way ANOVA's to test for associations with eclosion timing.

Data from: Sequential divergence and the multiplicative origin of community diversity

Data files