In the degraded and modified environment of the Scottish Highlands, novel ungulate communities have arisen following local extinctions, reintroductions, and the introduction of non-native species. An understanding of the dynamics and interactions within these unique mammal communities is important as many of these mammals represent keystone species with disproportionate impacts on the environment. Using a camera trap survey, we investigated land cover preferences and spatiotemporal interactions within a Scottish ungulate community: the sika deer (Cervus nippon), the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), the red deer (Cervus elaphus), and the wild boar (Sus scrofa). We used generalised linear models to assess land cover preferences and the effect of human disturbance; spatiotemporal interactions were characterised using time interval modelling. We found sika deer and roe deer preferred coniferous plantations and grasslands, with sika deer additionally preferring woodland. For red deer, we found a slight preference for wetland over woodland; however, the explained variance was low. Finally, wild boar preferred grassland and woodland and avoided coniferous plantations, heathland, and shrubland. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence that human disturbance negatively impacted ungulates distributions, potentially because ungulates temporally avoid humans or because dense vegetation cover mitigates the impacts of humans on their distributions. Furthermore, we detected a spatiotemporal association between sika deer and roe deer. Although the underlying cause of this is unknown, we hypothesise that interactions such as grazing facilitation or an anti-predator response to culling could be driving this pattern. Our work provides a preliminary analysis of the dynamics occurring within a novel ungulate community, but also highlights current knowledge gaps in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms dictating the observed spatiotemporal associations.

These data are the results of a camera trapping survey on the Bunloit estate, as detailed in the manuscript Lovell et al. 2023 titled "Habitat preferences and spatiotemporal associations of ungulates within a Scottish mammal community". 

Datasets

contact_data contains the raw data set extracted from the tagged camera trap images

count_data is the number of independent contacts at each camera trap site, and the duration each camera trap was deployed for

Code

Summary stats.R was used to calculate various summary statistics for the dataset

Habitat Posson models.R was used to run the negative binomial habitat poisson models, and conduct associated emmeans comparisons and plots

Time diff analysis.R was used to conduct the time interval analysis to assess spatiotemporal associations/avoidance

Plotting time difference analysis.R was used to create the plot associated with the spatiotemporal analysis

Camera trap metadata was extracted using Exifpro, and all analysis was undertaken in R.