Young male blackcaps with blood parasite coinfections cope with oxidative stress favouring anthocyanin-rich food during migratory fattening
Data files
Mar 04, 2024 version files 49 KB
-
MS_SYATDIET_db.csv
8.34 KB
-
README.md
6.21 KB
-
SYATDIET_db_test.csv
34.44 KB
Abstract
Parasites may alter host physiology, which may promote behavioural adaptations to counteract their effect. Adaptive feeding may help individuals to cope with infection, especially during physiologically demanding life stages. For instance, migrating birds need fuel for long-distance flights and to repair oxidative damage caused by intense aerobic exercise, and parasites may influence how individuals balance these needs. Infected birds may face increased oxidative challenges, which could induce them to favour antioxidant defences over other needs, such as fattening. We tested whether migrating birds can adaptively choose food according to their needs, favouring dietary antioxidants to cope with oxidative stress caused by haemosporidian blood parasites during migration. During autumn migration, we mist-netted young male Eurasian blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) stopping over in central Spain. We placed the birds in cages where they were offered fat and anthocyanin-enriched food alternatives. We measured preference for each food offer. We tested their infections with haemosporidian parasites by PCR techniques and their parasitaemia by blood smear inspection. We also measured physiological variables that account for nutritional and oxidative status in red blood cells and plasma. We found that birds with multiple infections favoured anthocyanin-enriched food controlling for an effect of body mass on food preference (lean blackcaps preferred anthocyanins, likely because they are urged to repair oxidative damage upon arrival on stopover with depleted energy reserves). Haemosporidian-infected birds had a lower antioxidant capacity of plasma, although no effect of infections on oxidative damage was detected, and individuals with more oxidative damage preferred anthocyanin-enriched food. Our results suggest that haemosporidian infections may increase individuals’ antioxidant needs, which could affect migratory performance if the urge to find dietary antioxidants reduces the rate of fuel consumption.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6q573n65f
Authors: Jiménez-Gallardo, Lucía; López-Arrabé, Jimena; Pérez-Tris, Javier; Remacha, Carolina
Journal: Journal of Avian Biology
Paper DOI:10.1111/jav.03214
Description of R SCRIPT files
(A) DATABASE PREPARATION:
\- Filename = "MS_SYATDIET_db.qmd". PREVIOUS to perform any ANALYSES this script must be run to generate adequately transformed behavioural, physiological and biological data. This script generates a ready for use database for analyses save as "SYATDIET_db_test.csv".
(B) TEST ANALYSES:
\- Filename = "MS_SYATDIET_test.qmd". Script with the code to reproduce all the analyses and results of the manuscript. It can be run with the database file previously generated "SYATDIET_db_test.csv".
Description of variables in the DATA files: “MS_SYATDIET_db.csv” and “SYATDIET_db_test.csv”
* order = correlative order
* LAB_SAMPLE_CODE = individual identity code
* year = 2019 and 2020
* weight1 = body mass of the bird
* tarsus = tarsus length (mm)
* nbeh.peckfat = number of times the bird peck the fat
* nbeh.intfat = number of times the bird is interested in the fat
* nbeh.peckattfat = number of times the bird tries to peck the fat
* nbeh.peckantiox = number of times the bird peck the antioxidant
* nbeh.intantiox = number of times the bird is interested in the antioxidant
* nbeh.peckattantiox = number of times the bird tries to peck the antioxidant
* INFnLIN = number of haemosporidian lineages
* INF_P_CILO = 2 categories of infection by Plasmodium parasites following Ciloglu et al. 2019 protocol (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)
* INF_H_CILO = 2 categories of infection by Haemoproteus parasites following Ciloglu et al. 2019 protocol (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)
* INF_L_CILO = 2 categories of infection by Leucocytozoon parasites following Ciloglu et al. 2019 protocol (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)
* INF_P5000 = number of infected erytrocytes by Plasmodium parasites in 5000 erytrocytes
* INF_H5000 = number of infected erytrocytes by Haemoproteus parasites in 5000 erytrocytes
* INF_L5000 = number of infected erytrocytes by Leucocytozoon parasites in 5000 erytrocytes
* Haemoglobin = level of haemoglobin (g/dL units)
* CV.Haemoglobin = coefficient of variation of haemoglobin level
* Plate.Haemoglobin = plate of the sample in the haemoglobin assessment
* GSH = level of glutathione in RBC (GSH) (μmol g-1 units)
* CV.GSH = coefficient of variation of glutathione levels in RBC (GSH)
* Plate.GSH = plate of the sample in the glutathione levels in RBC (GSH) assessment
* prot = level of protein (g/dL units)
* CV.prot = coefficient of variation of protein level
* Plate.prot = plate of the sample in the protein assessment
* TAS = level of total antioxidant status (TAS) (mM Trolox units)
* CV.TAS = coefficient of variation of TAS level
* Plate.TAS = plate of the sample in the TAS assessment
* uric = level of uric acid (mg dL-1 units)
* CV.uric = coefficient of variation of uric acid level
* Plate.uric = plate of the sample in the uric acid assessment
* MDAplas = level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma (μmol mL-1 units)
* CV.MDAplas = coefficient of variation of MDA level in plasma
* MDARBC = level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in red blood cells (RBC)(μmol mL-1 units)
* CV.MDARBC = coefficient of variation of MDA level in red blood cells (RBC)
* TG = level of triglycerides (mg dL-1 units)
* CV.TG = coefficient of variation of triglycerides level
* Plate.TG = plate of the sample in the triglycerides assessment
* Haemolysis = level of blood haemolysis, 3 categories (0 = no haemolysis, 1=low level, 2 = high level)
* nfatbehav = total number of behaviours towards fat
* nantioxbehav = total number of behaviours towards antioxidant
* nprefbehav_tot = total n behaviours towards a food offer
* npref = factor determining if the bird had some preference
* nprefbehav = preference towards fat in behaviour taking into account the peckings, pecking attempts and interest. Higher values account for a preference towards fat
* infected = factor determining the general infection status (0 = not infected; 1 = infected)
* coinfected = factor that distinguish the level of infection (0 = not infected; 1 = single infected; 2 = multiple infected)
* INFintensity = intensity of infection of the 3 parasite genera
* INFintensityLog = log transformed intensity
* nbeh.peckfatlog = log transformed nbeh.peckfat
* nbeh.intfatlog = log transformed nbeh.intfat
* nbeh.peckattfatlog = log transformed nbeh.peckattfat
* nbeh.peckantioxlog = log transformed nbeh.peckantiox
* nbeh.intantioxlog = log transformed nbeh.intantiox
* nbeh.peckattantioxlog = log transformed nbeh.peckattantiox
* resBM = residual body mass calculated as the residuals of the regression between log transformed weight and tarsus
* stdresBM = standardized resBM
* stdINFintensityLog = standardized INFintensityLog
* GSHcor = GSH corrected by protein concentration
* MDARBCcor = MDARBC corrected by protein concentration
* MDAplaslog = log transformed MDAplas
* MDAplassqrt = squareroot transformed MDAplas
* TGlog = log transformed TG
* TGsqrt = squareroot transformed TG
* stdHaemoglobin = standardized Haemoglobin
* stdprot = standardized prot
* stdGSH = standardized GSH
* stdGSHcor = standardized GSHcor
* stdTAS = standardized TAS
* stduric = standardized uric
* stdMDAplaslog = standardized MDAplaslog
* stdMDARBC = standardized MDARBC
* stdMDARBCcor = standardized MDARBCcor
* stdTGlog = standardized TGlog
* RBChorm = hormetic effect between stdMDARBCcor and stdGSHcor. Higher values correspond with higher values of both variables
* RBCstress = gradient of oxidative stress in red blood cells measured between stdMDARBCcor and stdGSHcor. Higher values correspond with more oxidative damage
* TAScor = TAS values corrected by uric acid levels. Residuals of the regretion between TAS and uric
* stdTAScor = standardized TAScor