In mammals, significant changes take place during postnatal growth, linked to changes in diet (from sucking to gnawing). During this period, mandible development is highly interconnected with muscle growth and the epigenetic interactions between muscle and bone control the spatialization of bone formation and remodeling in response to biomechanical strain. This mechanism contributes to postnatal developmental plasticity, and may have influenced the course of evolutionary divergences between species and clades.  We sought to model postnatal changes at a macroevolutionary scale by analyzing ontogenetic trajectories of mandible shape across 16 species belonging mainly to two suborders of Rodents, Myomorpha and Hystricomorpha, which differ in muscle attachments, tooth growth, and life-history traits. Myomorpha species present a much stronger magnitude of changes over a shorter growth period. Among Hystricomorpha, part of the observed adult shape is set up prenatally, and most postnatal trajectories are genus-specific, which agrees with non-linear developmental trajectories over longer gestational periods. Beside divergence at large scale, we find some collinearities between evolutionary and developmental trajectories. A common developmental trend was also observed, leading to enlargement of the masseter fossa during postnatal growth. The tooth growth, especially hypselodonty, seems to be a major driver of divergences of postnatal trajectories. These muscle- and tooth-related effects on postnatal trajectories suggest opportunities for developmental plasticity in the evolution of the mandible shape, opportunities that may have differed across Rodent clades.

Ten landmarks were digitized (L1-L10), together with 33 semilandmarks divided into three curves (with 4 on the coronoid process, 9 along the lunar notch, and 10 between postcondylar and angular processes) using the Digit3DLand R package 0.1.3 (Laffont and Navarro 2019).