Ocean acidification threatens organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells by potentially generating an under-saturated carbonate environment. Resultant reduced calcification and growth, and subsequent dissolution of exoskeletons, would raise concerns over the ability of the shell to provide protection for the marine organism under ocean acidification and increased temperatures. We examined the impact of combined ocean acidification and temperature increase on shell formation of the economically important edible mussel Mytilus edulis. Shell growth and thickness along with a shell thickness index and shape analysis were determined. The ability of M. edulis to produce a functional protective shell after 9 months of experimental culture under ocean acidification and increasing temperatures (380, 550, 750, 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750, 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C) was assessed. Mussel shells grown under ocean acidification conditions displayed significant reductions in shell aragonite thickness, shell thickness index, and changes to shell shape (750, 1000 μatm pCO2) compared to those shells grown under ambient conditions (380 μatm pCO2). Ocean acidification resulted in rounder, flatter mussel shells with thinner aragonite layers likely to be more vulnerable to fracture under changing environments and predation. The changes in shape presented here could present a compensatory mechanism to enhance protection against predators and changing environments under ocean acidification when mussels are unable to grow thicker shells. Here, we present the first assessment of mussel shell shape to determine implications for functional protection under ocean acidification.
Mussel shell growth data
Mussel shell growth data for figures 2, 3 and 4. The first worksheet entitled 'Mussel shell growth' lists all growth measurements for individual mussel shells used for mussel shell growth (mean ± SD) during 9 months of experimental culture (n=4 per treatment) used for figure 2. Shells were grown at 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 ambient temperature + 2°C. The second worksheet entitled 'Aragonite_Calcite thickness' list all shell aragonite and calcite thickness measurements for individual mussels to calculate mussel shell calcite and aragonite in new growth (mean ± SD) (n=4 per treatment) used for figure 3. Aragonite and calcite in mm and the ratio of aragonite/ calcite. Shells were grown at 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 ambient temperature + 2°C. The third worksheet entitled 'STI' lists all measurements taken to calculate Shell Thickness Index (STI) for mussel shells grown under experimental conditions for 9 months (n=4 per treatment) used for figure 4. Measurements for weight (g), height (mm), length (mm) and width (mm) of shell are provided for use of calculating STI. A higher shell thickness index indicates a thicker shell. Shells were grown at 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 ambient temperature + 2°C, treatments were labelled as CO2 μatm and temperature in the spreadsheet.
mussel380_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel380_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel380_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel380_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel550_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel550_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel550_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel550_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750+2_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750+2_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750+2_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel750+2_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000plus2_001
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000plus2_002
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000plus2_003
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
mussel1000plus2_004
Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.
