The arthropod communities are influenced by both local conditions and features of the surrounding landscape. Landscape complexity and stand factors may both influence arthropod communities in poplar forests, but the multi-scale effects of these factors on poplar defoliators and natural enemies are still poorly understood. We collected poplar arthropods at 30 sampling sites within 5 forest landscapes in Xinjiang, China and assessed whether landscape complexity and stand factors influence species abundance and diversity of poplar arthropods. Landscape complexity was quantified by several independent metrics of landscape composition, configuration and connectivity at three spatial scales. We also determined the most powerful explanatory variables and the scale effect of each arthropod. Results found that landscape complexity and stand factors had different effects on different poplar arthropods. Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales but inhibited poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m. Specifically, abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased with increasing proportion of non-host plants. Landscape diversity only had a negative effect on defoliator abundance. The shape complexity of habitat patches increased abundance of carabid beetles but reduced abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts. The abundance and diversity of predators increased with increasing structural connectivity of forest landscape. Additionally, both abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees. The distance from sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced abundance and diversity of all predators. Therefore, maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce abundance of poplar defoliators poplar, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii.