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Net greenhouse gas balance in U.S. croplands: How can soils be a part of the climate solution?

Cite this dataset

You, Yongfa et al. (2023). Net greenhouse gas balance in U.S. croplands: How can soils be a part of the climate solution? [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw0j

Abstract

Agricultural soils play a dual role in regulating the Earth’s climate by releasing or sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in soil organic carbon (SOC) and emitting non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). To understand how agricultural soils can play a role in climate solutions requires a comprehensive assessment of net soil GHG balance (i.e., sum of SOC-sequestered CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions) and the underlying controls. Herein, we used a model-data integration approach to understand and quantify how natural and anthropogenic factors have affected the magnitude and spatiotemporal variations of the net soil GHG balance in U.S. croplands during 1960-2018. Specifically, we used the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) for regional simulations and used field observations of SOC sequestration rates and N2O and CH4 emissions to calibrate, validate, and corroborate model simulations. Results show that U.S. agricultural soils sequestered 13.2±1.16 Tg CO2-C yr-1 in SOC (at a depth of 3.5 m) during 1960-2018 and emitted 0.39±0.02  Tg N2O-N yr-1 and 0.21±0.01  Tg CH4-C yr-1, respectively. Based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon), the estimated national net GHG emission rate from agricultural soils was 122.3±11.46  Tg CO2-eq yr-1, thus contributing to climate warming. The sequestered SOC offset ~28% of the climate-warming effects resulting from non-CO2 GHG emissions, and this offsetting effect increased over time. Increased nitrogen fertilizer use was the dominant factor contributing to the increase in net GHG emissions during 1960-2018, explaining ~47% of total changes. In contrast, reduced cropland area, the adoption of agricultural conservation practices (e.g., reduced tillage), and rising atmospheric CO2 levels attenuated net GHG emissions from U.S. croplands. Our study highlights the importance of concurrently quantifying SOC-sequestered CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions for developing effective agricultural climate change mitigation measures.

README: Net greenhouse gas balance in U.S. croplands: How can soils be a part of the climate solution?

Author information

Yongfa You [1,2,3], Hanqin Tian [1,2*], Shufen Pan [1,3,4], Hao Shi [5], Chaoqun Lu [6], William D. Batchelor [7], Bo Cheng [7], Dafeng Hui [8], David Kicklighter [9], Xin-Zhong Liang [10], Xiaoyong Li [1,2,5], Jerry Melillo [9], Naiqing Pan [1,2], Stephen A. Prior [11], John Reilly [12]

[1] Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability (CES3), Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

[2] Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

[3] International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

[4] Department of Engineering and Environmental Studies Program, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

[5] State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

[6] Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

[7] Biosystems Engineering Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

[8] Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

[9] The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA

[10] Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

[11] USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL, USA

[12] Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA

*Correspondence: Dr. Hanqin Tian, hanqin.tian@bc.edu

Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw0j

Abstract

In this study, we used a model-data integration approach to quantify the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of U.S. croplands and unravel the relative contribution of underlying drivers. The estimated national net GHG balance during 1960–2018 was 122.3 Tg CO2‐eq year−1, in which sequestrated soil organic carbon (SOC) offset approximately 28% of the climate‐warming effects resulting from non‐CO2 GHG emissions. Our study underscores the need to concurrently consider both CO2 sequestration in SOC and non‐CO2 GHG emissions when developing effective agricultural climate change mitigation strategies.

Usage notes

The dataset includes spatially explicit annual SOC sequestration rates, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and methane (CH4) emissions in U.S. croplands, covering the period from 1960 to 2018. These data were simulated using a process-based terrestrial biosphere model (i.e., Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model). The spatial resolution of the dataset is 5 arc-minutes by 5 arc-minutes. The units for SOC sequestration rate and CH4 emissions are g C/m2, and the unit for N2O emissions is g N/m2.

This dataset is saved in a binary format, with the suffix .bin being the data file and the suffix .hdr being the header file. Missing values are denoted by -9999.

Resolution and spatial coverage

(1) Spatial resolution: 5 arc-minutes by 5 arc-minutes

(2) Temporal resolution: Annual data from 1960 to 2018

(3) Spatial coverage: the Contiguous United States

Unit

(1) SOC sequestration rate (g C/m2)

(2) N2O emission (g N/m2)

(3) CH4 emission (g C/m2)

Datasets included

(1) SOC sequestration rate:

SOCSequestration_1960.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1960

SOCSequestration_1960.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1960

SOCSequestration_1961.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1961

SOCSequestration_1961.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1961

SOCSequestration_1962.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1962

SOCSequestration_1962.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1962

SOCSequestration_1963.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1963

SOCSequestration_1963.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1963

SOCSequestration_1964.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1964

SOCSequestration_1964.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1964

SOCSequestration_1965.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1965

SOCSequestration_1965.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1965

SOCSequestration_1966.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1966

SOCSequestration_1966.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1966

SOCSequestration_1967.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1967

SOCSequestration_1967.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1967

SOCSequestration_1968.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1968

SOCSequestration_1968.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1968

SOCSequestration_1969.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1969

SOCSequestration_1969.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1969

SOCSequestration_1970.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1970

SOCSequestration_1970.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1970

SOCSequestration_1971.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1971

SOCSequestration_1971.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1971

SOCSequestration_1972.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1972

SOCSequestration_1972.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1972

SOCSequestration_1973.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1973

SOCSequestration_1973.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1973

SOCSequestration_1974.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1974

SOCSequestration_1974.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1974

SOCSequestration_1975.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1975

SOCSequestration_1975.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1975

SOCSequestration_1976.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1976

SOCSequestration_1976.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1976

SOCSequestration_1977.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1977

SOCSequestration_1977.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1977

SOCSequestration_1978.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1978

SOCSequestration_1978.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1978

SOCSequestration_1979.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1979

SOCSequestration_1979.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1979

SOCSequestration_1980.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1980

SOCSequestration_1980.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1980

SOCSequestration_1981.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1981

SOCSequestration_1981.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1981

SOCSequestration_1982.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1982

SOCSequestration_1982.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1982

SOCSequestration_1983.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1983

SOCSequestration_1983.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1983

SOCSequestration_1984.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1984

SOCSequestration_1984.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1984

SOCSequestration_1985.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1985

SOCSequestration_1985.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1985

SOCSequestration_1986.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1986

SOCSequestration_1986.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1986

SOCSequestration_1987.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1987

SOCSequestration_1987.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1987

SOCSequestration_1988.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1988

SOCSequestration_1988.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1988

SOCSequestration_1989.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1989

SOCSequestration_1989.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1989

SOCSequestration_1990.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1990

SOCSequestration_1990.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1990

SOCSequestration_1991.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1991

SOCSequestration_1991.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1991

SOCSequestration_1992.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1992

SOCSequestration_1992.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1992

SOCSequestration_1993.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1993

SOCSequestration_1993.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1993

SOCSequestration_1994.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1994

SOCSequestration_1994.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1994

SOCSequestration_1995.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1995

SOCSequestration_1995.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1995

SOCSequestration_1996.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1996

SOCSequestration_1996.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1996

SOCSequestration_1997.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1997

SOCSequestration_1997.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1997

SOCSequestration_1998.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1998

SOCSequestration_1998.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1998

SOCSequestration_1999.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1999

SOCSequestration_1999.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 1999

SOCSequestration_2000.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2000

SOCSequestration_2000.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2000

SOCSequestration_2001.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2001

SOCSequestration_2001.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2001

SOCSequestration_2002.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2002

SOCSequestration_2002.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2002

SOCSequestration_2003.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2003

SOCSequestration_2003.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2003

SOCSequestration_2004.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2004

SOCSequestration_2004.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2004

SOCSequestration_2005.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2005

SOCSequestration_2005.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2005

SOCSequestration_2006.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2006

SOCSequestration_2006.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2006

SOCSequestration_2007.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2007

SOCSequestration_2007.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2007

SOCSequestration_2008.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2008

SOCSequestration_2008.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2008

SOCSequestration_2009.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2009

SOCSequestration_2009.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2009

SOCSequestration_2010.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2010

SOCSequestration_2010.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2010

SOCSequestration_2011.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2011

SOCSequestration_2011.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2011

SOCSequestration_2012.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2012

SOCSequestration_2012.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2012

SOCSequestration_2013.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2013

SOCSequestration_2013.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2013

SOCSequestration_2014.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2014

SOCSequestration_2014.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2014

SOCSequestration_2015.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2015

SOCSequestration_2015.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2015

SOCSequestration_2016.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2016

SOCSequestration_2016.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2016

SOCSequestration_2017.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2017

SOCSequestration_2017.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2017

SOCSequestration_2018.hdr: Header file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2018

SOCSequestration_2018.bin: Binary file of spatial map of soil organic carbon sequestration rate in 2018

(2) N2O emission

N2O_1960.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1960

N2O_1960.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1960

N2O_1961.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1961

N2O_1961.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1961

N2O_1962.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1962

N2O_1962.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1962

N2O_1963.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1963

N2O_1963.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1963

N2O_1964.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1964

N2O_1964.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1964

N2O_1965.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1965

N2O_1965.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1965

N2O_1966.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1966

N2O_1966.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1966

N2O_1967.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1967

N2O_1967.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1967

N2O_1968.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1968

N2O_1968.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1968

N2O_1969.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1969

N2O_1969.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1969

N2O_1970.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1970

N2O_1970.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1970

N2O_1971.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1971

N2O_1971.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1971

N2O_1972.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1972

N2O_1972.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1972

N2O_1973.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1973

N2O_1973.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1973

N2O_1974.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1974

N2O_1974.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1974

N2O_1975.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1975

N2O_1975.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1975

N2O_1976.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1976

N2O_1976.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1976

N2O_1977.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1977

N2O_1977.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1977

N2O_1978.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1978

N2O_1978.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1978

N2O_1979.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1979

N2O_1979.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1979

N2O_1980.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1980

N2O_1980.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1980

N2O_1981.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1981

N2O_1981.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1981

N2O_1982.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1982

N2O_1982.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1982

N2O_1983.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1983

N2O_1983.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1983

N2O_1984.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1984

N2O_1984.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1984

N2O_1985.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1985

N2O_1985.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1985

N2O_1986.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1986

N2O_1986.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1986

N2O_1987.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1987

N2O_1987.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1987

N2O_1988.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1988

N2O_1988.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1988

N2O_1989.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1989

N2O_1989.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1989

N2O_1990.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1990

N2O_1990.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1990

N2O_1991.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1991

N2O_1991.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1991

N2O_1992.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1992

N2O_1992.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1992

N2O_1993.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1993

N2O_1993.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1993

N2O_1994.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1994

N2O_1994.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1994

N2O_1995.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1995

N2O_1995.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1995

N2O_1996.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1996

N2O_1996.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1996

N2O_1997.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1997

N2O_1997.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1997

N2O_1998.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1998

N2O_1998.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1998

N2O_1999.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1999

N2O_1999.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 1999

N2O_2000.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2000

N2O_2000.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2000

N2O_2001.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2001

N2O_2001.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2001

N2O_2002.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2002

N2O_2002.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2002

N2O_2003.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2003

N2O_2003.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2003

N2O_2004.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2004

N2O_2004.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2004

N2O_2005.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2005

N2O_2005.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2005

N2O_2006.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2006

N2O_2006.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2006

N2O_2007.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2007

N2O_2007.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2007

N2O_2008.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2008

N2O_2008.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2008

N2O_2009.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2009

N2O_2009.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2009

N2O_2010.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2010

N2O_2010.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2010

N2O_2011.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2011

N2O_2011.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2011

N2O_2012.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2012

N2O_2012.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2012

N2O_2013.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2013

N2O_2013.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2013

N2O_2014.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2014

N2O_2014.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2014

N2O_2015.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2015

N2O_2015.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2015

N2O_2016.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2016

N2O_2016.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2016

N2O_2017.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2017

N2O_2017.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2017

N2O_2018.hdr: Header file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2018

N2O_2018.bin: Binary file of spatial map of N2O emission in 2018

(3) CH4 emission

CH4_1960.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1960

CH4_1960.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1960

CH4_1961.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1961

CH4_1961.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1961

CH4_1962.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1962

CH4_1962.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1962

CH4_1963.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1963

CH4_1963.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1963

CH4_1964.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1964

CH4_1964.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1964

CH4_1965.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1965

CH4_1965.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1965

CH4_1966.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1966

CH4_1966.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1966

CH4_1967.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1967

CH4_1967.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1967

CH4_1968.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1968

CH4_1968.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1968

CH4_1969.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1969

CH4_1969.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1969

CH4_1970.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1970

CH4_1970.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1970

CH4_1971.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1971

CH4_1971.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1971

CH4_1972.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1972

CH4_1972.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1972

CH4_1973.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1973

CH4_1973.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1973

CH4_1974.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1974

CH4_1974.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1974

CH4_1975.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1975

CH4_1975.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1975

CH4_1976.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1976

CH4_1976.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1976

CH4_1977.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1977

CH4_1977.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1977

CH4_1978.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1978

CH4_1978.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1978

CH4_1979.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1979

CH4_1979.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1979

CH4_1980.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1980

CH4_1980.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1980

CH4_1981.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1981

CH4_1981.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1981

CH4_1982.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1982

CH4_1982.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1982

CH4_1983.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1983

CH4_1983.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1983

CH4_1984.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1984

CH4_1984.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1984

CH4_1985.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1985

CH4_1985.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1985

CH4_1986.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1986

CH4_1986.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1986

CH4_1987.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1987

CH4_1987.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1987

CH4_1988.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1988

CH4_1988.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1988

CH4_1989.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1989

CH4_1989.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1989

CH4_1990.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1990

CH4_1990.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1990

CH4_1991.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1991

CH4_1991.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1991

CH4_1992.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1992

CH4_1992.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1992

CH4_1993.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1993

CH4_1993.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1993

CH4_1994.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1994

CH4_1994.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1994

CH4_1995.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1995

CH4_1995.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1995

CH4_1996.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1996

CH4_1996.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1996

CH4_1997.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1997

CH4_1997.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1997

CH4_1998.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1998

CH4_1998.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1998

CH4_1999.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1999

CH4_1999.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 1999

CH4_2000.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2000

CH4_2000.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2000

CH4_2001.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2001

CH4_2001.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2001

CH4_2002.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2002

CH4_2002.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2002

CH4_2003.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2003

CH4_2003.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2003

CH4_2004.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2004

CH4_2004.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2004

CH4_2005.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2005

CH4_2005.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2005

CH4_2006.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2006

CH4_2006.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2006

CH4_2007.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2007

CH4_2007.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2007

CH4_2008.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2008

CH4_2008.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2008

CH4_2009.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2009

CH4_2009.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2009

CH4_2010.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2010

CH4_2010.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2010

CH4_2011.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2011

CH4_2011.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2011

CH4_2012.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2012

CH4_2012.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2012

CH4_2013.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2013

CH4_2013.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2013

CH4_2014.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2014

CH4_2014.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2014

CH4_2015.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2015

CH4_2015.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2015

CH4_2016.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2016

CH4_2016.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2016

CH4_2017.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2017

CH4_2017.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2017

CH4_2018.hdr: Header file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2018

CH4_2018.bin: Binary file of spatial map of CH4 emission in 2018

Funding

National Science Foundation, Award: 1903722

National Science Foundation, Award: 1922687

NASA Carbon System Monitoring Program, Award: NNX12AP84G

NASA Carbon System Monitoring Program, Award: NNX14AO73G

NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program, Award: NNX10AU06G

United States Department of Agriculture, Award: 2022-38821-37341

United States Department of Agriculture, Award: 20206801231674

USDA CBG project, Award: TENX12899

United States Department of the Treasury, Award: DISL-MESC-ALCOE-06