Evolutionary history and analysis of iridescent ultraviolet butterfly scales

Ficarrotta, Vincent1 ; Martin, Arnaud1 ; Counterman, Brian2 ; Pyron, Alex1

Published Oct 13, 2023 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8931zcrx3

Data files

Oct 13, 2023 version files 1.77 MB

Pierid-IUV_dryad_2022.zip

1.76 MB
README.md

5.19 KB

Abstract

Iridescent ultraviolet (IUV) patterns on pierid butterfly wings are phenotypic adaptations commonly used as sexual signals, generated by scales with ultrastructural modifications. Pierid IUV patterns are sexually dichromatic, with reduced size in females, where conspicuous sexual signaling balances courtship against ecological predation. There have been no phylogenetic reconstructions of IUV within Pieridae and little morphological characterization of phenotypic diversity. Our genus-wide characterization of IUV revealed the uniform similarity of stacked lamellar ridges on the dorsal surface of cover scales. We tested a hypothesis of single versus multiple origins by reconstructing a phylogeny of 534 species (~43.2% described species), with all genera represented, and a trait matrix of 734 species (~59.4%) screened for IUV. A single, early dimorphic origin of IUV followed by several losses and gains received strong support, concluding that IUV patterns and structural coloration are old traits. Collectively, these results support the homology of IUV scales and patterns that diversified within several lineages, suggesting an interplay between female-mediated sexual selection and ecological predatory selection.

README: Evolutionary history and analysis of iridescent ultraviolet butterfly scales

Data for: Early phylogenetic origin and repeated ecological implementation of iridescent UV signaling in pierid butterflies

READ ME: directory structure and file descriptions

File Structure

Description of file contents

Butterfly Photo Credits

Credits for butterfly images in Figure 1 ordered by their numbers. (List of species names, photographers)

IUV Scoring QC

These files produce supplemental figure 2 which demonstrates the reduced dataset does not lose analytical power.

data-tree_overlap_7-7-2022: all species in both the scored dataset and the constructed tree. (List of species names, UV scores)
genus_uv_7-7-2022: all genera/species with IUV in dataset. (List of species names, UV scores according to whether UV is present in males, females or both (mutual))
genus_uv_overlap_7-7-2022: all genera/species with IUV overlapping within the uv_mat_syn-editV2_2-55-55.csv UV scoring dataset and the Pieridae_7114_final_names_trim_dates_2-22-2022.tre tree. (List of species names, UV scores according to whether UV is present in males, females or both (mutual))
uvg_7-7-2022: CSV containing the final species list with UV scores for plotting the quality check. The species are further scored on whether they are included in the tree (Pieridae_7114_final_names_trim_dates_2-22-2022.tre), the uv score dataset (uv_mat_syn-edit-V2_2-22-22.csv) or both. (List of species names, UV scores according to whether UV is present in males, females or both (mutual))
IUV_scoring_QC: r code used to generate the plot using the above .csv files.

Phylogeny and Ancestral State Reconstructions

bad_seqs.py: sequences dropped from the phylogenetic analysis (list of species names)
bad_taxa.py: taxa dropped from the phylogenetic analysis (list of species names)
Pieridae_7114.table: Genbank sequence metadata from PyPHLAWD analysis
Pieridae_7114_final.outaln: Sparse supermatrix from PyPHLAWD
Pieridae_7114_final_GB.csv: Genbank accessions for sparse supermatrix from PyPHLAWD
Pieridae_7114_SHL_names.tre: Dated, named tree from congruify analysis
ASR-IUV_analysis.r: R code for generating all ancestral state reconstruction models and analyses
full-tree_species.csv: CSV of all species in tree (list of species names)
Pieridae_7114_final_names_trim_dates_2-22-2022.tre: copy and renamed final tree from congruify
plotting_ASR-IUV_output.r.r: R code for plotting Figure 1 tree, Figure
uv_mat_syn-edit-V2_2-22-22.csv: full dataset of screened museum specimens for IUV (list of species names, UV scores according to whether UV is present in males, females or both (mutual))

Ridge Density

ridge_dens_master_v2.csv: dataset of measured ridge density for plotting Figure 2B (List species names, density of ridges continuous values (ridges per micrometer))
ridge_density_analysis.r: R code to generate plot in figure 2B

Species Lists

gbif-species-list_synedit.csv: accepted species list of all described Pieridae including fossils (list of species names)
master-sp-list_extant-only_7-7-2022.csv: accepted species list of all described Pieridae without fossils (list of species names)

Spectral Analysis

IUV raw text files.gzip: raw spectral data in .txt format. must be unzipped (species names, trial number, continuous reflectance data) IUV_spec-analysis.r: R code for wrangling and plotting spectral data

Tables

tables_master_7-7-2022.xlsx: spreadsheet with two panes. The first pane shows model scores of strict presence/absence and the estimated transition rates of the highest scoring model. The second pane shows model scores including male and female scores and the estimated transition rates of the highest scoring model. Both panes are published as tables in the full manuscript.

Sharing and Access

Contents are accessible at the following GitHub URL: https://github.com/vficarrotta/Pierid_IUV_2023