1. The assumption that reproductive effort decreases somatic state, accelerating ageing, is central to our understanding of life-history variation. Maximal reproductive effort early in life is predicted to be maladaptive by accelerating ageing disproportionally, decreasing fitness. 2. Optimality theory predicts that reproductive effort is restrained early in life to balance the fitness contribution of reproduction against the survival cost induced by the reproductive effort. When adaptive, the level of reproductive restraint is predicted to be inversely linked to the remaining life-expectancy, potentially resulting in a terminal effort in the last period of reproduction. 3. Experimental tests of the reproductive restraint hypothesis require manipulation of somatic state and subsequent investigation of reproductive effort and residual lifespan. To our knowledge the available evidence remains inconclusive, and hence reproductive restraint remains to be demonstrated. 4. We modulated somatic state through a lifelong brood size manipulation in wild jackdaws and measured its consequences for age-dependent mortality and reproductive success. 5. The assumption that lifelong increased brood size reduced somatic state was supported: Birds rearing enlarged broods showed subsequent increased rate of actuarial senescence, resulting in reduced residual lifespan. 6. The treatment induced a reproductive response in later seasons: Egg volume and nestling survival were higher in subsequent seasons in the increased vs. reduced broods’ treatment group. We detected these increases in egg volume and nestling survival despite the expectation that in the absence of a change in reproductive effort, the reduced somatic state indicated by the increased mortality rate would result in lower reproductive output. This leads us to conclude that the higher reproductive success we observed was the result of higher reproductive effort. 7. Our findings show that reproductive effort negatively co-varies with remaining life-expectancy, supporting optimality theory and confirming reproductive restraint as a key factor underpinning life-history variation. 24-Jan-2020

Data were collected through field work. See methods of the main paper for details.

There are two excel files that are self-explanatory. Each file has two tabs. The description tabs contain the information on the variables included in the data tabs.