Abstract Objectives: Nut consumption has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. However, its effect on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between nut consumption and NAFLD risk. Setting and participants: We conducted a retrospective case-control study including 534 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and 534 controls matched by sex and age (± 5) from the Affiliated Nanping First Hospital of Fujian Medical University in China. Main outcome measures: Information on dietary intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires and nut consumption was calculated. Nut consumption was categorized using quartiles based on the distribution of daily nut intake of the controls. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between nut consumption and NAFLD risk. Results: After adjusting for potential confounding variables, nut consumption was not associated with NAFLD risk in the overall sample. When the fully adjusted model was stratified by sex, a significant inverse association was found between high nut consumption and NAFLD only among the men in the highest quartile (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.26–0.71; Ptrend = 0.01). The inverse association of nut consumption with NAFLD risk in men remained significant after controlling for other known or suspected risk factors for NAFLD. Conclusions: Diets with a higher intake of nuts may be associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD, particularly in men.