The direct monitoring of mosquito populations in field settings is a crucial input for shaping appropriate and timely control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Here, we demonstrate that commercially available mobile phones are a powerful tool for acoustically mapping mosquito species distributions worldwide. We show that even low-cost mobile phones with very basic functionality are capable of sensitively acquiring acoustic data on species-specific mosquito wingbeat sounds, while simultaneously recording the time and location of the human-mosquito encounter. We survey a wide range of medically important mosquito species, to quantitatively demonstrate how acoustic recordings supported by spatio-temporal metadata enable rapid, non-invasive species identification. As proof-of-concept, we carry out field demonstrations where minimally-trained users map local mosquitoes using their personal phones. Thus, we establish a new paradigm for mosquito surveillance that takes advantage of the existing global mobile network infrastructure, to enable continuous and large-scale data acquisition in resource-constrained areas.
Aedes aegypti
Wingbeat frequency data for Aedes aegypti from various mobile phones
Aedes albopictus
Wingbeat frequency data for Aedes albopictus from various mobile phones
Aedes mediovittatus
Wingbeat frequency data for Aedes mediovittatus from various mobile phones
Aedes sierrensis
Wingbeat data for Aedes sierrensis mosquitoes from the field - both raw data with noises and cleaned data with manually isolated mosquito sounds included
Anopheles albimanus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles albimanus from various mobile phones
Anopheles arabiensis
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles arabiensis from various mobile phones
Anopheles atroparvus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles atroparvus from various mobile phones
Anopheles dirus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles dirus from various mobile phones
Anopheles farauti
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles farauti from various mobile phones
Anopheles freeborni
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles freeborni from various mobile phones
Anopheles gambiae
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles gambiae from various mobile phones
Anopheles merus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles merus from various mobile phones
Anopheles minimus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles minimus from various mobile phones
Anopheles quadriannulatus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles quadriannulatus from various mobile phones
Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles quadrimaculatus from various mobile phones
Anopheles stephensi
Wingbeat frequency data for Anopheles stephensi from various mobile phones
Culex pipiens
Wingbeat frequency data for Culex pipiens from various mobile phones
Culex quinquefasciatus
Wingbeat frequency data for Culex quinquefasciatus from various mobile phones
Culex tarsalis
Wingbeat frequency data for Culex tarsalis from various mobile phones
Culiseta incidens
Wingbeat frequency data for Culiseta incidens from various mobile phones