Ecuadorian Dendrobatid frog alkaloid profiles
Data files
Dec 13, 2024 version files 11.13 GB
-
AABE11_9391_5282020_1.CDF
45.86 MB
-
AABE11_9392_5282020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9393_5282020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9394_5282020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9395_5282020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9396_5282020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9397_5282020_10.CDF
48.13 MB
-
AABE11_9398_5282020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9399_5282020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9400_5282020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9401_622020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9402_622020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9403_622020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9404_622020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9405_622020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9406_622020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9407_622020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9408_622020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9409_622020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9410_622020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9411_632020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9412_632020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9413_632020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9414_632020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9415_632020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9416_632020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9417_632020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9418_632020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9419_632020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9420_632020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9460_692020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9461_692020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9462_692020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9463_692020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9464_692020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9465_692020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9466_692020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9467_692020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9468_692020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9469_692020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9481_692020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9482_692020_17.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9483_692020_19.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9484_692020_20.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9485_692020_22.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9486_692020_23.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9487_692020_25.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9488_692020_26.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9489_692020_28.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9490_692020_29.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9491_6122020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9492_6122020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9493_6122020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9494_6122020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9495_6122020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9496_6122020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9497_6122020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9498_6122020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9499_6122020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9500_6122020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9501_6132020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9502_6132020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9503_6132020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9504_6132020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9505_6132020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9506_6132020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9507_6132020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9508_6132020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9509_6132020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9510_6132020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9511_6142020_1.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9512_6142020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9513_6142020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9514_6142020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9515_6142020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9516_6142020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9517_6142020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9518_6142020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9519_6142020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9520_6142020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9521_6142020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9522_6232020_2.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9523_6232020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9524_6232020_5.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9525_6232020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9526_6232020_8.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9527_6232020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9528_6232020_11.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9529_6232020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9530_6232020_14.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9531_6232020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9532_6242020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9533_6242020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9534_6242020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9535_6242020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9536_6242020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9537_6242020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9538_6242020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9539_6242020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9540_6242020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9548_6242020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9549_6252020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9550_6252020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9551_6252020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9552_6252020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9553_6252020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9554_6252020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9555_6252020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9556_6252020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9557_6252020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9558_6252020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9574_6242020_18.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9582_6262020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9583_6262020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9584_6262020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9585_6262020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9586_6262020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9587_6262020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9588_6262020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9589_6262020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9591_6262020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9592_792020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9593_792020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9594_792020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9595_792020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9596_792020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9597_792020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9598_792020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9599_792020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9600_792020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9601_792020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9602_792020_18.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9608_792020_19.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9609_6262020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9615_7132020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9616_7132020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9617_7132020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9618_7132020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9619_7132020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9620_7132020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9621_7132020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9622_7132020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9623_7132020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9624_7132020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9625_7142020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9626_7142020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9627_7142020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9628_7142020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9629_7142020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9630_7142020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9631_7142020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9632_7142020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9633_7142020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9634_7142020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9638_7212020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9639_7212020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9640_7212020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9641_7212020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9642_7212020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9643_7212020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9644_7212020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9645_7212020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9646_7212020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9647_7212020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9679_7222020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9680_7222020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9681_7222020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9682_7222020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9683_7222020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9684_7222020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9685_7222020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9686_7222020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9687_7222020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9688_7222020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9696_7232020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9698_7232020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9699_7232020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9700_7232020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9702_7232020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9703_7232020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9704_7232020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9705_7232020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9706_7232020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9709_7232020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9727_7242020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9728_7242020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9729_7242020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9730_7242020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9731_7242020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9732_7242020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9733_7242020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9734_7242020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9735_7242020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9736_7242020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9737_7252020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9738_7252020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9739_7252020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9740_7252020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9741_7252020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9742_7252020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9743_7252020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9744_7252020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9745_7252020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9746_7252020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9747_7302020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9748_7302020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9749_7302020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9750_7302020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9751_7302020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9752_7302020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9753_7302020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9754_7302020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9755_7302020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9756_7302020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9757_7312020_3.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9758_7312020_4.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9759_7312020_6.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9760_7312020_7.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9761_7312020_9.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9762_7312020_10.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9763_7312020_12.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9764_7312020_13.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9765_7312020_15.CDF
49.72 MB
-
AABE11_9766_7312020_16.CDF
49.72 MB
-
Alkaloid_metadata.csv
20.13 KB
-
README.md
2.62 KB
Abstract
Shifts in microbiome community composition can have large effects on host health. It is therefore important to understand how perturbations, like those caused by the introduction of exogenous chemicals, modulate microbiome community composition. In poison frogs within the family Dendrobatidae, the skin microbiome is exposed to the alkaloids that the frogs sequester from their diet and use for defense. Given the demonstrated antimicrobial effects of these poison frog alkaloids, these compounds may be structuring the skin microbial community. To test this, we first characterized microbial communities from chemically defended and closely related non-defended frogs from Ecuador. Then we conducted a laboratory experiment to monitor the effect of the alkaloid decahydroquinoline (DHQ) on the microbiome of a single frog species. In both the field and lab experiments, we found that alkaloid-exposed microbiomes are more species rich and phylogenetically diverse, with an increase in rare taxa. To better understand the strain-specific behavior in response to alkaloids, we cultured microbial strains from poison frog skin and found the majority of strains exhibited either enhanced growth or were not impacted by the addition of DHQ. Additionally, stable isotope tracing coupled to nanoSIMS suggests that some of these strains are able to metabolize DHQ. Taken together, these data suggest that poison frog chemical defenses open new niches for skin-associated microbes with specific adaptations, including the likely metabolism of alkaloids, that enable their survival in this toxic environment. This work helps expand our understanding of how exposure to exogenous compounds like alkaloids can impact host microbiomes.
Other data related to this manuscript can be found in the following locations:
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzd5, Wild dendrobatid frog microbiomes - bacteria
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gxd2547t1, Oophaga sylvatica decahydroquinoline quantification
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffqn, Ecuadorian Dendrobatid frog alkaloid profiles
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tdz08kq62, Feeding experiment microbiome - bacteria
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m90hn, Feeding experiment microbiome - fungi
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2ngf1vhzc, Poison frog microbiome metagenomics data
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqrm, Wild dendrobatid microbiomes – fungi
README: Ecuadorian Dendrobatid frog alkaloid profiles
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffqn
Alkaloid GC-MS data from frog samples. GC-MS analysis was performed on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2020 instrument with a Shimadzu 30m x 0.25 mmID SH-Rxi-5Sil MS column. The GC-MS data files were exported as CDF files and the Global Natural Products Social Network (GNPS) was used to perform the deconvolution and library searching against the AMDIS (NIST) database to identify all compounds (https://gnps.ucsd.edu).
The Shimadzu LabSolutions GCMS software was used to generate the CDF files, but they can also be opened with publicly available software MZmine 3: http://mzmine.github.io/ along with other similar open-source software.
Sample Metadata
See file Alkaloid_metadta.csv
- filename: Name of GCMS file
- ATTRIBUTE_species: Frog species
- ATTRIBUTE_population: Frog geographic location
- ATTRIBUTE_expectedToxicity: Assumed toxicity based on prior knowledge before sampling. May not represent findings from analyses.
- ATTRIBUTE_cryptic: Coloration, either bold or cryptic
- ATTRIBUTE_frogID: Frog identifier. Used to link to other data sets
- ATTRIBUTE_sex: Frog sex. Entries with question marks denote uncertainty, generally meaning ovaries or testes were not found but appearance suggests the indicated sex.
- ATTRIBUTE_weight: Frog weight in grams. Blanks correspond to measurements not taken.
- ATTRIBUTE_Svlength: Frog snout to vent length in millimeters. Blanks correspond to measurements not taken.
Other data related to this manuscript can be found in the following locations:
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzd5, Wild dendrobatid frog microbiomes - bacteria\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gxd2547t1, Oophaga sylvatica decahydroquinoline quantification\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffqn, Ecuadorian Dendrobatid frog alkaloid profiles\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tdz08kq62, Feeding experiment microbiome - bacteria\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m90hn, Feeding experiment microbiome - fungi\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2ngf1vhzc, Poison frog microbiome metagenomics data\
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqrm, Wild dendrobatid microbiomes – fungi