Skip to main content
Dryad

Data from: Do the health benefits of boiling drinking water outweigh the negative impacts of increased indoor air pollution exposure?

Floess, Emily1; Ercumen, Ayse1; Harris, Angela1; Grieshop, Andrew P.1

Research facility: North Carolina State University
Published Mar 25, 2024 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9zw3r22jz

Data files

Mar 25, 2024 version files 5 MB

Abstract

Background: Billions of the world’s poorest households are faced with the lack of access to both safe drinking water and clean cooking. One solution to microbiologically contaminated water is boiling, often promoted without acknowledging the additional risks incurred from indoor air degradation from using solid fuels.

Objectives: This modeling study explores the tradeoff of increased air pollution from boiling drinking water under multiple contamination and fuel use scenarios typical of low-income settings.

Methods: We calculated the total change in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from indoor air pollution (IAP) and diarrhea from fecal contamination of drinking water for scenarios of different source water quality, boiling effectiveness, and stove type. We used Uganda and Vietnam, two countries with a high prevalence of water boiling and solid fuel use, as case studies. 

Results: Boiling drinking water reduced the diarrhea disease burden by a mean of 1110 DALYs and 368 DALYs per 10,000 people for adults and children <5 years in Uganda, respectively, for high-risk water quality and the most efficient (lab-level) boiling scenario, with smaller reductions for less contaminated water and ineffective boiling. Similar results were found in Vietnam, apart from fewer avoided DALYs in children due to different demographics. In both countries, for households with high baseline IAP from existing solid fuel use, adding water boiling to cooking on a given stove was associated with a limited increase in IAP DALYs due to the log-linear dose-response curves. Boiling, even at low effectiveness, was associated with net DALY reductions for medium- and high-risk water, even if using unclean stoves/fuels. Replacing traditional stoves with improved stoves coupled with effective boiling practices significantly reduced total DALYs.   

Discussion: Boiling water generally resulted in a net decrease in DALYs. Future efforts should empirically measure health outcomes from IAP vs. diarrhea associated with boiling drinking water using field studies with different boiling methods and stove types.