The influence of microstructure of silica-enhanced cement on the mechanical performance of cement is difficult to be described. In this study, we used the scanning electron microscope and image processing method to investigate the relationship between the complicity of cement microstructure and compressive strength under various temperature and curing time conditions. Fractal dimension was applied to describe the complicity of cement. The relationships among compressive strength, fractal dimension, temperature, curing time and pore structure of cement were identified. The results show that curing time of cement directly control the complicity of cement microstructure and compressive strength by altering the pore orientation and macropore ratio in cement. The curing temperature affects the complicity of cement microstructure and compressive strength indirectly by changing the ratio of micropore and small pore. The fractal dimension of silica-enhanced cement shows good correlation with compressive strength. Pore size distribution is the most important factor that influence the complicity of cement matrix and compressive strength of silica-enhanced cement. When building up the macroscopic mechanical performance model of cement, we should consider the influence of pore size distribution in cement under different curing temperatures and times on the complicity of cement microstructure.