We present microsatellite data of 29 Castanea sativa populations to be analized through systematic Bayesian clustering using modifications of a previously analyzed model to detect the existence of hidden population structures that have not previously been identified. The results will be used to establish plausible scenarios to interpret the natural evolutionary history of this species in southwestern Europe and ascertain the origin of some possible germplasm translocations using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC).

Data are 715 samples genotyped with eight microsatellites.

Samples were collected in 25 stands in the Iberian Peninsula, two stands in Italy and other two in Greece. The stands are wild populations, not grafted domesticated stands.

Plant materials (data collection)

Twenty-nine wild stands were sampled: 25 representing the most important areas of the C. sativa Iberian distribution; two stands in Italy and two in Greece (Figure). In the northwest Iberian Peninsula, the majority of sampling was conducted close to the sea shore, an area in which the influence of domestication is less important.

In the northwest and north, 14 stands were sampled between Galicia and Navarra: five stands (stands 1 to 5) in the Atlantic area and nine (stands 6 to 14) from the northwestern corner of Galicia to the Basque Country. In inland Galicia and León six stands were sampled (stands 15 to 20), which exhibited different evidence of management for wood or nuts. In the Central and Toledo Mountains range, four stands were sampled (stands 21 to 24). Smaller patches of chestnut are present in the south (Andalucía), where only one stand (25) was sampled. Italian stands (26 and 27) were in Piedmont and Sicily, and the Greek stands (28 and 29) were in Macedonia.

The total number of trees was 715, with 16 to 29 (mean 24.65) trees per stand. The names of stands, their geographic information, silviculture and number of trees per stand are summarized in the Table.

Table. The geographic position, type of management, sample size, and assignment to a genetic cluster and degree of unbalance of sampling for the Castanea sativa stands sampled in the present study. * ¹: close to orchards; ²: mixed with orchards; **previous assignation to a population according to Fernández-Cruz and Fernández-López (2016); mixed W-E m^3: hybrid ancestry between the western and Eastern Mediterranean population. In 11 cases, stands were high forest without apparent influence of domesticated varieties (stands 1 to 6, 8, 12, 13, 21 and 25) and two stands were old coppices (stands 20 and 24). Other stands contained mixtures of grafted and wild trees resulting from abandonment of orchards and natural regeneration of free spaces (stands 9, 10, 11, 14 and 15). A mixture of grafted trees and seedlings is the traditional way of cultivation in some areas (stands 17, 18 and 19). In most situations, stands are not far from old grafted orchards. The exceptions are most stands by the sea, in areas where there are no grafted orchards, and in consequence there is no evidence of an influence of domesticated varieties through naturalization (stands 1–6, 8, 12, 13). Trees in coppices reproduce from shoot stumps and coppices with standards (stands 22 and 23) are a mixture of trees that reproduced from shoot stumps and seedlings.

Geographic zone	Stand	Site name	Province	Longitude	Latitude	Altitude	Management type*	Nº trees	Population **
Atlantic	1	San Cibrán	Pontevedra	8º40'56"W	42º11'17"N	225	high forest	21	Atlantic
	2	Mogor	Pontevedra	8°43'12"W	42°22'56"N	35	high forest	29	Atlantic
	3	Mondariz	Pontevedra	8°27'56"W	42°13'37"N	65	high forest	28	Atlantic
	4	Ai	Pontevedra	8°40'03"W	42°32'17"N	98	high forest	18	Atlantic
	5	Serra de Outes	Coruña	8°55'35"W	42°53'44"N	172	high forest	26	Atlantic
Cantabric	6	Anllóns	Coruña	8°53'22"W	43°13'47"N	160	high forest	26	Cantabric
	7	Sigrás	A Coruña	8º21'47"W	43º17'07"N	100	high forest1	21	Cantabric
	8	Maniños	A Coruña	8º11'41"W	43º26'39"N	90	high forest	26	Cantabric
	9	Fragas do Eume	A Coruña	8º02'16"W	43º24'17"N	214	high forest 2	23	Cantabric
	10	Mondoñedo	Lugo	7°21'46"W	43°25'41"N	270	high forest 2	26	Cantabric
	11	Nandiello	Asturias	5º45'05"W	43º13'04"N	400	high forest 2	24	Cantabric
	12	Urdaibai	Vizcaya	2°39'43"W	43°20'14"N	210	high forest	20	Cantabric
	13	Etxaguen	Álava	2º43'30"W	42º59'30"N	680	high forest	27	Cantabric
	14	Antoñana	Álava	2º24'28"W	42º41'48"N	735	high forest 2	25	Cantabric
Inland NW Galicia and León	15	Folgoso	Pontevedra	8°21'26"W	42°32'41"N	494	high forest 2	26	Mixed
	16	Fraga Catasós	Pontevedra	8º05'32"W	42º38'12"N	580	high forest 2	24	Mixed
	17	Chantada	Lugo	7º51'60"W	42º36'32"N	680	high forest 2	22	Mixed
	18	O Caurel A	Lugo	7º10'16"W	42º37'51"N	800	high forest 2	27	W. mediterranean
	19	O Caurel B	Lugo	7º09’05”W	42º38’18”N	650	high forest 2	23	W. mediterranean
	20	Las Médulas	León	6º46'10''W	42º27'25''N	850	coppice1	25	Mixed
Center and south Spain	21	El Tiemblo	Ávila	4º31'57"W	40º20'43"N	1275	high forest	26	W. mediterranean
	22	Hervás A	Cáceres	5º51'52"W	40º15'13"N	945	coppice with standards1	29	W. mediterranean
	23	Hervás B	Cáceres	5º52'31"W	40º15'21"N	850	coppice with standards1	27	W. mediterranean
	24	Guadalupe	Cáceres	5º20'00"W	39º28'00"N	950	coppice	25	Mixed
	25	Gaucín	Málaga	5º18'04"W	36º32'14"N	700	high forest	33	Mixed W-E mediter3
Italy	26	Pellice	Piemonte	07º09'00"E	44º49'00"N	775	high forest	24	Mixed W-E mediter3
	27	Petralia	Sicily	14º05'18"E	37º54'34"N	925	high forest	16	Mixed W-E mediter3
Greece	28	Paiko	N. Macedonia	22º22'18"E	40º57'42"N	650	high forest	24	E. mediterranean
	29	Hortiatis	C. Macedonia	23º09´18"E	40º22'45"N	490	high forest	24	E. mediterranean

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microsatellites

The eight multilocus genotypes of 715 trees collected in the 29 chestnut stands are in the excel “Data of SSRs of 29 Castanea sativa populations” were previously used for population-genetic description of the same samples (Fernández-Cruz & Fernández-López, 2016). There were no missing values in the present selected set. The microsatellites and their linkage groups in parentheses (Barreneche et al., 2004) were: CsCAT14 (2); CsCAT16 (6); CsCAT41 (8) (Marinoni et al., 2003); EMCs2 (6); EMCs14 (5); EMCs15 (9) (Buck et al., 2003); QpZAG36 (2) and QpZAG110 (8) (Steinkellner et al., 1997). The microsatellite CsCAT41 possesses two loci, CsCAT41a and CsCAT41b. The former was removed from the analysis because of null alleles. DNA extraction methods, PCR amplification conditions and capillary electrophoresis were described in Fernández-Cruz & Fernández-López (2012).

References

Barreneche T, Casasoli M, Russell K, Akkak A, Meddour H, Plomion C, Villani F, Kremer A. 2004. Comparative mapping between Quercus and Castanea using simple-sequence repeats (SSRs). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108: 558–566.

Buck EJ, Hadonou M, James CJ, Blakesley D, Russell K. 2003. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in European chestnut (Castanea sativaMill.). Molecular Ecology Notes 3: 2137–2153.

Fernández-Cruz J, Fernández-López J. 2012. Morphological, molecular and statistical tools to identify Castanea species and their hybrids. Conservation Genetics 13: 1589–1600.

Fernández-Cruz J, Fernández-López J. 2016. Genetic structure of wild sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations in northwest of Spain and their differences with other European stands. Conservation Genetics 17: 949–967.

Marinoni D, Akkak A, Bounous G Edwards KJ, Botta R. 2003. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Castanea sativa (Mill.). Molecular Breeding 11: 127–136.

Steinkellner H, Fluch S, Turetschek E et al. 1997. Identification and characterization of (GA/CT)(n)-microsatellite loci from Quercus petraea. Plant Molecular Biology 33: 1093–1096.

There are no missing values