Abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) vary markedly along elevational gradients and differentially affect major groups of pollinators. Ectothermic bees, for example, are impeded in visiting flowers by cold and rainy conditions common at high elevations, while endothermic hummingbirds may continue foraging under such conditions. Despite the possibly far-reaching effects of the abiotic environment on plant-pollinator interactions, we know little about how these factors play out at broad ecogeographic scales. We address this knowledge gap by investigating how pollination systems vary across elevations in 26 plant clades from the Americas. Specifically, we explore Cruden’s 1972 hypothesis that the harsh montane environment drives a turnover from insect to vertebrate pollination at higher elevations. We compared the elevational distribution and bioclimatic attributes for a total of 2232 flowering plants and found that Cruden’s hypothesis only holds in the tropics. Above 30° N and below 30°S, plants pollinated by vertebrates (mostly hummingbirds) tend to occur at lower elevations than those pollinated by insects. We posit that this latitudinal transition is due to the distribution of moist, forested habitats favored by vertebrate pollinators, which are common at high elevations in the tropics but not in the temperate Americas.

DATASETS

1. alloc_new_220802.csv - pruned GBIF occurrences retained after filtering through CoordinateCleaner
2. forupload_20220906_formatted - median values (elevation, latitude, longitude, climatic variables) calculated for each species from alloc_new_220802.csv
3. biogeotree.tre - phylogenetic tree extracted from PhyloMaker.R with tips matching species in our dataset

For details on data processing and filtering, please see the Methods section in the associated manuscript. Details on data sources for the gbif data can be found here: