https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bzkh189g8

Description of the data and file structure

The data underlying all analyses is available in the Excel file containing 5 spreadsheets, or as separate txt files, with the following names;

"Trait-values of founding lines" (used to ordinate experimental evolution line founders and test for differences between regimes in evolution of mating traits - Fig 1B)
Means for each of the six evolution lines (given by the "Evolution Regime" and "founder" columns) for the following traits:
- Sperm competition success (given as the proportion of offspring sired in competition with a reference male)
- Sperm production (estimated number of sperm, matured over 25h, transferred by a male to a female)
- remating rate (a relative measure of the probability of remating in the first 24h following the first mating)
- male-male fertility decline (the proportional decline in fertility in males being co-reared with two other males (relative to isolated males).
- Female fertility (lifetime production of offspring from a single mating and removal of male mating partner)
- Male fertility (lifetime production of offspring from a single mating and removal of female mating partner)
- female phenoloxidase (size-corrected abundance of phenolixidase in the female abdomen, A420/min/g)
- male mate search (a relative measure of the efficiency of males to find females in a spatial search task).
- Female LRS (lifetime offspring production in competition with another reference female)
- Male LRS (lifetime offspring production in competition with another reference male)
The first six rows containing data are the estimated means for each line. The next six rows (7-12) contain the same data but with the addition of imputing values for missing data ("NA" in top 6 rows) based on the global mean of all other lines measured for the trait. These rows were used in PCA and for statistical testing, which thus is a conservative test.

"Censused population size" (corresponding to Fig. 2),
Given is information of the identity of each population ("jar.ID"), which "evolution regime" and "founder" it belonged to, in which "environmental treatment" it was put, and on which "cabinet shelf" it was placed during the heat wave. For each population, the number of beetles ("beetles transferred") is given for each generation of the heatwave with the corresponding temperature in a given generation.

"Data from petri-dishes".
For each population (See above), two petri-dishes were isolated after the adults in a population had died at a given generation. The number of beans isolated in each dish, as well as the number of beetles hatching out from the beans, were counted in each generation. From this data, the number of beetles per bean was calculated. If no beetles hatched out, the beans were not counted.

"Population growth rates" (corresponding to Fig. 3)
Based on the data from the censused population size and offspring produced in petri-dishes (see above), we calculated two estimates of population growth rate per population. This was done by taking the approximated number of offrings produced in the whole jar at generation t+1 and dividing it by the censused population size at generation t. The approximated number of offspring produced in the whole jar was given by multiplying the number of emerged offspring per bean in the petri-dishes, with the approximate number of beans in the whole population jar (~330 beans). The final 9 columns (labelled "GR2", "GR3"...) are the per capita growth rate for the corresponding generation tacked column-wise to ease calculation of population instability measures for each experimental population, as reported in the publication.

"Reproductive traits" (corresponding to Figs. 4 & 5).
In addition to the data described in the sheet "Data from petri-dishes" (see above), we also counted the number of hatched and unhatched eggs in each petri-dish at generations 5 & 7. From this, we calculated the proportion of hatched eggs ("egg hatchability"), the fecundity (corresponding to "eggs per bean") and larval survival (the number of hatched eggs that turned into an adult that emerged from the bean). For each population, it is also given if it survived all 10 generations of the heatwave or not.

All calculations based on raw data are also described in the manuscript. Variables and factor levels are names as referred to in the manuscript.

All missing data are labelled "NA"

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Code/Software

Annotated code accompanying this publication's analyses and Figures has been deposited with this publication via Zenodo (file named "Code for analyses Ecology Letters.R").