Flower-visiting insects have co-evolved with flowering-plants. While it has been shown that floral traits and environmental factors influence insects visitations at day, it is yet unclear how these factors influence insects visitations at night. We sampled a montane meadow located near Jilin in northeastern China in July and August, 4 nights each month, and two time periods each night. We sampled 94 flower-visiting insect species in total and documented the floral traits and ambient factors. First, focusing on the insects functions, we allocated all insects into three functional groups (pollination, predation, and feeding). We found that most nocturnal insects exhibited predation behavior, and they had the highest species turnover rate. Second, focusing on the environmental factors, we found that ambient temperature and relative humidity strongly influence the diversity of flower-visiting insects. Variation partitioning analysis further suggested that ambient temperature has a stronger effect on the flowering-visiting insects at early night, while the relative humidity has a stronger effect on the flowering-visiting insects at late night. Third, focusing on floral traits, we found that most insects have a preference for flowers with moderately-sized corolla diameters (20 to 30 mm. Furthermore, display size has a strong linear correlation with flowering-visiting insect species richness and frequency of presence. In sum, our findings suggest that ambient temperature, relative humidity, and floral display size strongly regulate nocturnal flower-visiting insects.

Transect method was used to measure nocturnal insect visits in Sanhu National Nature Reserve, Jilin, China. Three 200 × 3 m transects with 10 m apart were established in a montane meadow (43.66°N, 126.67°E) within a temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest region with sub humid continental monsoon climate. Ten 10 x3 m sampling plots were established 10 m apart along each transect, bringing in a total of 30 sampling plots. The flowering plant species richness and abundance within each sampling plot were recorded weekly through July and August.