https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cvdncjtdp

Description of the data and file structure

In June-August 2019, we used pan traps to assess the bee community present throughout the season in urban vacant lots, pocket prairies, and surrounding Metropark grasslands in the greater Cleveland metropolitan area. We sampled bees once a month in each treatment (June 11, July 10, August 6, August 12, September 17, September 19). Pan traps were plastic souffle cups (3.25 oz; Solo© Dart Container Corporation, Mason, Michigan, U.S.A.) 2/3 full of 1% dish soap solution (Blue Dawn© Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.) painted fluorescent blue, white, or yellow (© Guerra Paint & Pigment Corp.). Pan traps were deployed at prairie flower height on 1m elevated stands which consisted of a 15 × 20cm corrugated plastic platform secured to an L-bracket and fixed to a step-in fence post. 12 pan traps were deployed for 24 hours at each site and collected the following morning. Insect samples were stored in 70% ethanol solution (© ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and processed in the laboratory.

To evaluate patterns of bee foraging, we used hand vacuums (© Bioquip) to collect bees from July to September 2019 (July 15, August 12, September 20). Bees were actively sampled from blooming vegetation on sunny days with clear conditions between 10am and 4pm. During each observation period, blooming floral species were each observed for 4.5 minutes. Each time a bee landed on the cluster of blooms under observation, collection was attempted.  

Using dichotomous keys, we identified bees to species whenever possible (Ascher and Pickering, 2018; Gibbs, 2011; Gibbs et al., 2013). These identifications were verified by Sam Droege at the USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab in Laurel, Maryland, U.S.A. Then, we classified bees by functional traits, including body size, lecty (generalist/specialist), nesting guild, origin (native/alien), and sociality. Community-weighted means were used in functional trait analyses of bee body size (Ascher and Pickering, 2018; Sivakoff et al., 2018; Turo et al. 2021). Nesting guild categories included cavity nesting, colony nesting, pith nesting, soil nesting, wood nesting, and parasitic bees that do not use nests. Bee sociality was categorized as eusocial, parasitic, solitary, or subsocial. 

Bloom assessments also occurred monthly in 2019 (June 11, July 10, August 6, September 17). In the center of each pocket prairie and vacant lot, we created a 7 × 15m grid, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats, and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in the center of each quadrat. We identified every unique flowering species present in a quadrat to calculate bloom richness. Then, we counted all floral units to determine bloom abundance *of each flowering species (Turo et al., 2021). Afterwards, we took five random measurements (mm2) of individual floral units for each species. Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total *bloom area at a site. In each Metropark grassland, we established a 20m transect, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats to sample along the transect and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in each quadrat’s center wherein the same bloom data were collected.  

Files and variables

File: 2019pans.csv

Description: CSV file of pan trap bee collections which includes information about bee species, collection sites, and local and landscape variation. Landscape data were extracted using Fragstats from the 2009 National Land Cover Database. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• abund: Number of bees at a site
• richness: Number of bee species at a site
• div: Shannon-Weiner diversity of bee species at a site
• site: A specific habitat (pocket prairie/vacant lot/Metropark grassland) within a neighborhood (e.g., Hough) 
• neighbor: A neighborhood where a site was located
• trt: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)
• trt1: Habitat treatments written out with more specific information about vacant lot greening treatments (T1/6/7/8)
• day: Day data were collected
• month: Month data were collected
• season: Early or late season
• pans: Number of pan traps deployed at a site
• bloom.rich: Number of bloom species within a randomly sampled quadrat 
• bloom.abund: Number of blooms within a randomly sampled quadrat

• bloom.area: Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total bloom area at a site. In each Metropark grassland, we established a 20m transect, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats to sample along the transect and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in each quadrat’s center wherein the same bloom data were collected.  

• ca500: class area of greenspace at 500m

• pland500: percent land cover of greenspace at 500m

• lpi500: largest patch index at 500m

• enn_mn500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_am500: average Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_md500: median Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• shdi500: Shannon's diversity index at 500m

• ca1500: class area of greenspace at 1500m

• pland1500: percent land cover of greenspace at 1500m

• lpi1500: largest patch index at 1500m

• area1500: greenspace area at 1500m

• enn_mn1500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

File: 2019traits.csv

Description: CSV file of bee functional traits, collection sites, and local and landscape variation. Landscape data were extracted using Fragstats from the 2009 National Land Cover Database. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• generalist: bee functional trait in regard to floral preferences
• specialist: bee functional trait in regard to floral preferences
• cleptoparasite: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences (using other hosts) 
• soil: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences
• cavity: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences
• hive: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences
• pith: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences
• wood: bee functional trait in regard to nesting preferences
• subsocial: bee functional trait in regard to sociality
• solitary: bee functional trait in regard to sociality
• eusocial: bee functional trait in regard to sociality
• parasite: bee functional trait in regard to parasitic behavior
• native: bee functional trait in regard to origin
• alien: bee functional trait in regard to origin
• site: A specific habitat (pocket prairie/vacant lot/Metropark grassland) within a neighborhood (e.g., Hough) 

• neighbor: A neighborhood where a site was located

• trt: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)

• trt1: Habitat treatments written out with more specific information about vacant lot greening treatments (T1/6/7/8)

• day: Day data were collected

• month: Month data were collected

• season: Early or late season

• pans: Number of pan traps deployed at a site

• bloom.rich: Number of bloom species within a randomly sampled quadrat 

• bloom.abund: Number of blooms within a randomly sampled quadrat

• bloom.area: Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total bloom area at a site. In each Metropark grassland, we established a 20m transect, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats to sample along the transect and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in each quadrat’s center wherein the same bloom data were collected.  

• ca500: class area of greenspace at 500m

• pland500: percent land cover of greenspace at 500m

• lpi500: largest patch index at 500m

• enn_mn500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_am500: average Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_md500: median Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• shdi500: Shannon's diversity index at 500m

• ca1500: class area of greenspace at 1500m

• pland1500: percent land cover of greenspace at 1500m

• lpi1500: largest patch index at 1500m

• area1500: greenspace area at 1500m

• enn_mn1500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

File: CWMlength.csv

Description: CSV file of community weighted means of average body length of collected bee species, collection sites, and local and landscape variation. Landscape data were extracted using Fragstats from the 2009 National Land Cover Database. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• site: A specific habitat (pocket prairie/vacant lot/Metropark grassland) within a neighborhood (e.g., Hough) 

• neighbor: A neighborhood where a site was located

• trt: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)

• trt1: Habitat treatments written out with more specific information about vacant lot greening treatments (T1/6/7/8)

• day: Day data were collected

• month: Month data were collected

• season: Early or late season

• length: Average body length of a given species

• pans: Number of pan traps deployed at a site

• bloom.rich: Number of bloom species within a randomly sampled quadrat 

• bloom.abund: Number of blooms within a randomly sampled quadrat

• bloom.area: Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total bloom area at a site. In each Metropark grassland, we established a 20m transect, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats to sample along the transect and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in each quadrat’s center wherein the same bloom data were collected.  

• ca500: class area of greenspace at 500m

• pland500: percent land cover of greenspace at 500m

• lpi500: largest patch index at 500m

• enn_mn500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_am500: average Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_md500: median Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• shdi500: Shannon's diversity index at 500m

• ca1500: class area of greenspace at 1500m

• pland1500: percent land cover of greenspace at 1500m

• lpi1500: largest patch index at 1500m

• area1500: greenspace area at 1500m

• enn_mn1500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

File: 2019length.csv

Description: CSV file of average body length of collected bees, collection sites, and local and landscape variation. Landscape data were extracted using Fragstats from the 2009 National Land Cover Database. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• species: bee species
• length: Average body length of a given species
• lecty: generalist or specialist
• nest: cavity nesting, colony nesting, pith nesting, soil nesting, wood nesting, or parasitic bees that do not use nests
• sociality: eusocial, parasitic, solitary, or subsocial
• origin: native or alien

• site: A specific habitat (pocket prairie/vacant lot/Metropark grassland) within a neighborhood (e.g., Hough) 

• neighbor: A neighborhood where a site was located

• trt: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)

• month: Month data were collected

• season: Early or late season

• ca500: class area of greenspace at 500m

• pland500: percent land cover of greenspace at 500m

• lpi500: largest patch index at 500m

• enn_mn500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_am500: average Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• enn_md500: median Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• shdi500: Shannon's diversity index at 500m

• ca1500: class area of greenspace at 1500m

• pland1500: percent land cover of greenspace at 1500m

• lpi1500: largest patch index at 1500m

• area1500: greenspace area at 1500m

• enn_mn1500: mean Euclidian nearest neighbor at 500m

• pans: Number of pan traps deployed at a site

• bloom.rich: Number of bloom species within a randomly sampled quadrat 

• bloom.abund: Number of blooms within a randomly sampled quadrat

• bloom.area: Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total bloom area at a site. In each Metropark grassland, we established a 20m transect, randomly selected six 1m2 grid quadrats to sample along the transect and placed a 0.5m2 PVC pipe square in each quadrat’s center wherein the same bloom data were collected.  

File: 19BFnetworkAnalysis1.csv

Description: CSV file of plant-bee bipartite data for network analysis presented in manuscript, separated by treatment, floral taxa, and bee taxa. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• lower: floral taxa
• upper:  bee taxa
• webID: treatment (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)
• freq: number of times this interaction was recorded

File: 19BFnetworkAnalysis2.csv

Description: CSV file of plant-bee bipartite data for generalized networks displayed in manuscript, separated by treatment, floral taxa, and bee taxa. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• lower: floral taxa
• upper:  bee taxa
• webID: treatment (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)
• freq: number of times this interaction was recorded

File: 19BFnetworkAnalysis3.csv

Description: CSV file of plant-bee bipartite data for network analysis presented in manuscript, separated by site, treatment, floral taxa, and bee taxa. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

• lower: floral taxa
• upper: bee taxa
• webID: treatment within a neighborhood
• freq: number of times this interaction was recorded

File: specimenDatabase.xlsx

Description: This database includes information on species identifications, (confirmedID/allID), local bloom variables (bloomdata), site specific information (sites), and zeros in the dataset (zeros) where flowers were observed but no bees were collected using vacuums. All missing values are indicated as NA. 

Variables

confirmed ID: sheet includes all identifications verified by Sam Droege at the USGS Native Bee Monitoring Lab to species level  

allID: sheet includes all identifications verified by Sam Droege at the USGS Native Bee Monitoring Lab

• database: database name (beeforage19)
• uniqueID: unique ID for each bee specimen
• code: number denoting unique # for each bee specimen
• det_date: when bee species was determined
• longitude: Longitudinal coordinate of site 
• latitude: Latitudinal coordinate of site

• site: treatment (T6-8 pocket prairie - UP,  T1 vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF) followed by an abbreviation for each site (Bedford - BF, Brookside - BS, Tremont - TM, Fairfax - F, Detroit Shoreway - DS, Glenville - G, Slavic Village - SV, Brecksville - BV, W.J. Green - WJG, Detroit - D, Case Western - CW, Central - C, Hough - H (only UP/VL), Hinckley - H (only OF))

• neighbor: A neighborhood where a site was located

• trt: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)

• trt1: Habitat treatments written out with more specific information about vacant lot greening treatments (T1/6/7/8)

• fdate: Date data were collected in month/day/year format 

• day: Day data were collected

• month: Month data were collected 

• season: early (June-July) or late (August-September) 

• year: Year data were collected 

• method: Method used to collected bees (bee bowl/vacuum) 

• flower: Flower bee was collected from for vacuum sample or set of pan traps bees were associated with at a given site (1/2/3/4)

• collector: Individual who collected samples (Katherine J. Turo - KJT) 

• sex: Determined sex of bee specimen (male/female) 

• county: County data was collected in (Cuyahoga) 

• city: City data was collected in (Cleveland) 

• state: State data was collected in (Ohio) 

bloomdata: sheet includes information on local bloom variables measured using 6 randomly selected quadrats at each site, once a month

• Name: site information, including name of the neighborhood and indication of whether it was an urban vacant lot (low diversity - LD), pocket prairie (high diversity - HD), or a Metropark grassland (only neighborhood listed no acronym following) 
• Neighborhood: Neighborhood where data were collected
• tif.id: Name of field site in geospatial dataset used to extract landscape data from the 2009 National Land Cover Database 
• USID: Unique ID number for each site 
• trt: Urban vacant lot (low diversity - LD), pocket prairie (high diversity - HD), or a Metropark grassland (OF) 
• Month: Month data were collected 
• n.pans: Number of pans deployed at a given site to collect bees
• bloom.rich: Number of unique floral species identified at a site from 6 randomly selected quadrats
• bloom.abundance: Number of blooming clusters of flowers identified at a site from 6 randomly selected quadrats
• bloom.area: Five random measurements (mm2) of individual floral units were taken for each species at a site. Average bloom size per species was calculated and multiplied by bloom abundance to quantify total bloom area at a site

sites

• treatment: Habitat treatments (pocket prairie - UP, vacant lot - VL, and Metropark grassland - OF)
• neighborhood: Neighborhood where data were collected
• longitude: Longitudinal coordinate of site 
• latitude: Latitudinal coordinate of site

zeros

• plant: Plant bees were not collected from
• site: neighborhood where data were collected
• treatment: Vacant lot (T1), pocket prairie (T6-8), Metropark grassland (Old Field), or Not listed 
• date: data when data were collected 
• notes: particular notes on different zeros in the dataset 

Code/software

We used R to conduct our statistical analyses. In the R files included, you will find the packages needed to replicate our analyses at the beginning of each file. bfAnalysis.R is the file which contains the majority of our analyses, while bf19_NMDS_1.R contains the code used for creating a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis of the data. Below we describe the specific workflow we followed.