Sexual selection is predicted to influence population persistence because skew in male reproductive success may facilitate the purging of mutation load. We manipulated the strength of sexual selection in populations of Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella, by biasing adult sex ratios to be either male- or female-biased, leading to strong and weak sexual selection in males, respectively. After between 19 and 22 generations of experimental evolution we examined whether mutation load differed between these populations by enforcing successive generations of inbreeding, tracking extinction events, offspring viability and assaying the effect of inbreeding on male mating success and female choice. We found no effect of the strength of sexual selection on the rate of extinction or offspring viability. We did, however, find changes in both male mating success and female choice, with both being influenced by the sex ratio treatment and the number of generations of inbreeding. Males from male-biased populations were more successful at mating with stock females, and mating success declined rapidly with inbreeding regardless of sex ratio treatment. Females from male-biased populations were less likely to mate with stock males at the onset of the experiment, but tended to mate more frequently with increasing inbreeding compared to females from female-biased populations. Our results demonstrate that while mating behaviours have diverged between male-biased and female-biased lines mutation loads remained similar. This suggests that the benefits of sexual selection to population fitness may be low or slow to accumulate under the benign environmental conditions in which these populations evolved.

All data were analysed using R studio and figures created using ggplot2

Description of column titles in data frame.

Survival of inbred lines.csv:

Block (Temp/Diet) =  block each population was established within

Treatment (MB/FB) = sex ratio treatment, MB = males biased & FB = female biased

Population = individual replicate population unique by block, treatment and number

Family_ID = unique number assigned to each family

Inbreeding_gen_extinction = the generation that the family became extinct (i.e. 0 = establishing families, 1 = 1 generation of full sib x sib inbreeding, etc)

Reason_for_extinction = description at what stage the family was considered to be extinct during protocol

Inbreeding egg to adult survival.csv:

Generation = number of generations of full sib x sib inbreeding that egg to adult survival was assayed at (i.e. 0 = establishing families, 1 = 1 generation of full sib x sib inbreeding, etc)

Block (Temp/Diet) =  block each population was established within

Treatment (MB/FB) = sex ratio treatment, MB = males biased & FB = female biased

Population = individual replicate population unique by block, treatment and number

Family_ID = unique number assigned to each family

eggs_transferred = number of eggs placed in 20 egg pot

total_adults = number of individuals that survived to adult from the eggs transferred

Mating assay.csv:

Generation = number of generations of full sib x sib inbreeding that egg to adult survival was assayed at (i.e. 0 = establishing families, 1 = 1 generation of full sib x sib inbreeding, etc)

Block (Temp/Diet) =  block each population was established within

Treatment (MB/FB) = sex ratio treatment, MB = males biased & FB = female biased

Population = individual replicate population unique by block, treatment and number

Family_ID = unique number assigned to each family

Focal = sex of focal individual i.e. from experimental family

Mated = binary 1 or 0 if mating occurred, 1 = success, 0 = failure.