Springtail coloration at a finer scale: mechanisms behind vibrant Collembolan metallic colours
Data files
Jul 14, 2021 version files 18.21 MB
-
allspecies_spectra_bodyscales.csv
42.28 KB
-
allspecies_spectra_scales.csv
42.28 KB
-
collembola_cladogram.txt
2.58 KB
-
Cypalb__SEM_scale_4-7.jpg
274.28 KB
-
Cypalb_bodyscales.csv
134.18 KB
-
Cypalb_colourspace.csv
258.37 KB
-
Cypalb_lamina_sim.csv
2.87 KB
-
Cypalb_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.65 KB
-
Cypalb_laminaridge_sim.csv
2.94 KB
-
Cypalb_ridge_melchit.csv
2.87 KB
-
Cypalb_ridge_sim.csv
2.87 KB
-
Cypalb_scales.csv
125.93 KB
-
Cypalb_SEM_scale1.jpg
329.74 KB
-
Cypalb_SEM_scale2.jpg
296.65 KB
-
Cypalb_SEM_scale3.jpg
197.97 KB
-
Cypalb_TEM_scale1.jpg
569.33 KB
-
Cypalb_TEM_scale2.jpg
502.74 KB
-
Hetmaj_bodyscales.csv
239.94 KB
-
Hetmaj_colourspace.csv
420.14 KB
-
Hetmaj_lamina_sim.csv
1.68 KB
-
Hetmaj_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.87 KB
-
Hetmaj_laminaridge_sim.csv
1.87 KB
-
Hetmaj_ridge_melchit.csv
2.92 KB
-
Hetmaj_ridge_sim.csv
1.90 KB
-
Hetmaj_scales.csv
200.25 KB
-
Hetmaj_SEM_scale_3-4.jpg
257.29 KB
-
Hetmaj_SEM_scale1.jpg
221.28 KB
-
Hetmaj_SEM_scale2.jpg
327.42 KB
-
Hetmaj_TEM_scale_1-4.jpg
148.69 KB
-
Hetmaj_TEM_scale_10.jpg
157.17 KB
-
Hetmaj_TEM_scale_11-13.jpg
105.58 KB
-
Hetmaj_TEM_scale_5-6.jpg
133.70 KB
-
Hetmaj_TEM_scale_7-9.jpg
124.24 KB
-
Hetnit_bodyscales.csv
301.18 KB
-
Hetnit_colourspace.csv
522.47 KB
-
Hetnit_lamina_sim.csv
1.86 KB
-
Hetnit_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.88 KB
-
Hetnit_laminaridge_sim.csv
1.98 KB
-
Hetnit_ridge_melchit.csv
2.98 KB
-
Hetnit_ridge_sim.csv
1.93 KB
-
Hetnit_scales.csv
241.33 KB
-
Hetnit_SEM_scale_1-3.jpg
268.42 KB
-
Hetnit_SEM_scale_1.jpg
91.18 KB
-
Hetnit_SEM_scale_3.jpg
167.68 KB
-
Hetnit_TEM_scale_1-2.jpg
91.12 KB
-
Hetnit_TEM_scale_1-5.jpg
91.04 KB
-
Hetnit_TEM_scale_6.jpg
190.74 KB
-
info_r_scripts.xlsx
21.67 KB
-
Lepcya_bodyscales.csv
199.40 KB
-
Lepcya_colourspace.csv
116.30 KB
-
Lepcya_lamina_sim.csv
2.88 KB
-
Lepcya_laminaridge_melchit.csv
3.36 KB
-
Lepcya_laminaridge_sim.csv
2.90 KB
-
Lepcya_ridge_melchit.csv
2.90 KB
-
Lepcya_ridge_sim.csv
1.88 KB
-
Lepcya_scales.csv
265.76 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_1.jpg
180.40 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_2.jpg
222.44 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_3.jpg
185.08 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_4.jpg
287.02 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_5.jpg
85.13 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_6.jpg
190.45 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_7.jpg
224.64 KB
-
Lepcya_SEM_scale_8.jpg
181.26 KB
-
Lepcya_TEM_scale_1-4.jpg
151.91 KB
-
Lepcya_TEM_scale_5-6.jpg
122.98 KB
-
Leplig_bodyscales.csv
100.77 KB
-
Leplig_colourspace.csv
81.16 KB
-
Leplig_lamina_sim.csv
1.69 KB
-
Leplig_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.88 KB
-
Leplig_laminaridge_sim.csv
2.88 KB
-
Leplig_ridge_melchit.csv
2.93 KB
-
Leplig_ridge_sim.csv
2.94 KB
-
Leplig_scales.csv
231.55 KB
-
Leplig_SEM_scale1.jpg
79.14 KB
-
Leplig_SEM_scale2.jpg
135.73 KB
-
Leplig_TEM_scale1-5.jpg
230.46 KB
-
Leplig_TEM_scale1-6_(2).jpg
179.30 KB
-
Leplig_TEM_scale1-6.jpg
111.18 KB
-
Leplig_TEM_scale7-9.jpg
162.42 KB
-
Pogfla_bodyscales.csv
98.31 KB
-
Pogfla_colourspace.csv
441.54 KB
-
Pogfla_lamina_sim.csv
1.86 KB
-
Pogfla_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.90 KB
-
Pogfla_laminaridge_sim.csv
2.88 KB
-
Pogfla_ridge_melchit.csv
3.01 KB
-
Pogfla_ridge_sim.csv
3.04 KB
-
Pogfla_scales.csv
363.27 KB
-
Pogflav_SEM_scale_1-8.jpg
366.19 KB
-
Pogflav_SEM_scale_12.jpg
149.84 KB
-
Pogflav_SEM_scale_9-11.jpg
253.45 KB
-
Pogflav_TEM_scale_1-_4.jpg
179.90 KB
-
Pogflav_TEM_scale_4.jpg
215.69 KB
-
Pogflav_TEM_scale2-3.jpg
180.72 KB
-
README.docx
17.79 KB
-
SEM_and_TEM_scale_measurements.xlsx
47.33 KB
-
Tomvul_bodyscales_dark.csv
265.19 KB
-
Tomvul_bodyscales_gold.csv
217.72 KB
-
Tomvul_bodyscales_pooled.csv
469.43 KB
-
Tomvul_colourspace.csv
1.01 MB
-
Tomvul_integument_pooled.csv
381.30 KB
-
Tomvul_lamina_sim.csv
1.71 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge_melchit.csv
2.90 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge_sim.csv
3.07 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge250_sim.csv
5.26 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge300_sim.csv
5.13 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge400_sim.csv
5.25 KB
-
Tomvul_laminaridge500_sim.csv
5.27 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge_melchit.csv
2.92 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge_sim.csv
3.10 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge250_sim.csv
5.27 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge300_sim.csv
5.31 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge400_sim.csv
5.30 KB
-
Tomvul_ridge500_sim.csv
5.38 KB
-
Tomvul_scales_blbl.csv
161.01 KB
-
Tomvul_scales_blgo.csv
163.80 KB
-
Tomvul_scales_gold.csv
255.79 KB
-
Tomvul_scales_pooled.csv
553.74 KB
-
Tomvul_SEM_scale_1.jpg
19.34 KB
-
Tomvul_SEM_scale_2-5.jpg
224.41 KB
-
Tomvul_SEM_scale_6.jpg
60.66 KB
-
Tomvul_SEM_scale_7.jpg
40.66 KB
-
Tomvul_SEM_scale_8-10.jpg
222.08 KB
-
Tomvul_TEM_scale_1-5.jpg
156.81 KB
-
Tomvul_TEM_scale_11.jpg
117.48 KB
-
Tomvul_TEM_scale_12-13.jpg
90.34 KB
-
Tomvul_TEM_scale_6-10.jpg
117.18 KB
-
Tomvul1_integument.csv
138.04 KB
-
Tomvul2_integument.csv
134.84 KB
-
Tomvul3_integument.csv
135.10 KB
Abstract
The mechanisms and evolution of metallic structural colours are of both fundamental and applied interest, yet most work in arthropods has focused on derived butterflies and beetles with distinct hues. In particular, basal hexapods - groups with many scaled, metallic representatives – are currently poorly studied and controversial, with some recent studies suggesting either that thin- film (lamina thickness) or diffraction grating elements (longitudinal ridges, crossribs) produce these colors in early Lepidoptera and one springtail (Collembola) species. Especially the Collembolan basal scale design, consisting of a singlelamina and longitudinal ridges with smooth valleys lacking crossribs, makes them an interesting group to explore the mechanisms of metallic colouration. Using microspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and FDTD optical modelling we investigated scale colour in seven springtail species that show clear metallic colouration. Reflectance spectra are largely uniform and exhibit a broadband metallic/golden colouration with peaks in the violet/blue region. Our simulations confirm the role of the longitudinal ridges, working in conjunction with thin-film effects to produce a broadband metallic colouration. Broadband colouration occurs through spatial colour mixing which likely results from nanoscale variation in scale thickness and ridge height and distance. These results provide crucial insights into the colour production mechanisms in a basal scale design and highlight the need for further investigation of scaled, basal arthropods.
SEM and TEM pictures were collected using a FEG-SEM (FEI Quanta 200F, Netherlands) and a JEOL JEM 1010 (Jeol, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) transmission electron microscope.
Reflectance spectra of scales and scales on body result from measurements on a CRAIC AX10 UV–Visible micro-spectrophotometer (CRAIC Technologies, Inc., USA).
Simulation spectra were obtained from Finite-Difference Time-Domain - (FDTD) modelling using a commercial Maxwell equation solver (Lumerical Solutions, Inc).