1. When we collect the growth curves of many individuals, orderly variation in the curves is often observed rather than a completely random mixture of various curves. Small individuals may exhibit similar growth curves, but the curves differ from those of large individuals, whereby the curves gradually vary from small to large individuals. It has been recognized that after standardization with the asymptotes, if all the growth curves are the same (anamorphic growth curve set), the growth curve sets can be estimated using non-chronological data; otherwise, i.e., if the growth curves are not identical after standardization with the asymptotes (polymorphic growth curve set), this estimation is not feasible. However, because a given set of growth curves determines the variation in the observed data, it may be possible to estimate polymorphic growth curve sets using non-chronological data.

2. In this study, we developed an estimation method by deriving the likelihood function for polymorphic growth curve sets. The method involves simple maximum likelihood estimation. The weighted nonlinear regression and least squares method after the log-transform of the anamorphic growth curve sets were included as special cases.

3. The growth curve sets of the height of cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and larch (Larix kaempferi) trees were estimated. With the model selection process using the AIC and likelihood ratio test, the growth curve set for cypress was found to be polymorphic, whereas that for larch was found to be anamorphic. Improved fitting using the polymorphic model for cypress is due to resolving underdispersion (less dispersion in real data than model prediction).

4. The likelihood function for model estimation depends not only on the distribution type of asymptotes, but the definition of the growth curve set as well. Consideration of these factors may be necessary, even if environmental explanatory variables and random effects are introduced.

The program is constructed using the "inheritance" of Java language. Please read "readme.txt" in the file set.

Java code set for demonstrating the estimation of polymorphic growth curve sets.

This code set is executable on Apache NetBeans (https://netbeans.apache.org/) with JDK version 8 or later (available at https://adoptopenjdk.net/). This codeset uses jar files distributed by Apache Commons Math Library (https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-math/). The jar file will be retrieved at the first execution by Maven automatically.