Background: Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor approved for use in patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DMT2) with- or without other cardiovascular disease. Empagliflozin is taken once daily without rationale on the optimal timing for administration. This study aimed to determine the chronopharmacological effects of morning vs evening administration of empagliflozin 10 mg in Healthy Egyptian adults, by investigating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics parameters of empagliflozin depending on the intake time. 

Methods: An open label, sequential, two‐way crossover trial comprised two periods with a washout period of 7 days. Pharmacokinetics parameters (T_max (h), C_max (ng/ml), AUC _0-t (ng.h/ml)) as primary endpoints, and (AUC _{0 to ∞}(ng.h/ml)) as secondary endpoint were assessed. Method validation was done prior to injection in LC/MS/MS and samples were processed by Liquid-Liquid extraction. The pharmacodynamic profile (UGE _0-24) was determined after method validation (glucose hexokinase method).

Results: T_max increased by (35%) in the evening phase compared to the morning phase, while C_max decreased by (-6.5%)in the evening dose compared to the morning dose. Besides, AUC_{0 to ∞} increased in the evening phase by (8.25%) compared to the morning phase. The mean cumulative amount of glucose excreted; UGE (_0-24) increased by (43%) in the evening dose compared to the morning dose

Conclusion: Despite the difference in pharmacokinetics parameters between evening and morning doses, C_max, AUC_0-t, AUC_0-∞, didn’t differ on the bioequivalence level. In addition, as UGE_(0-24) didn’t statistically differ, thus, we can conclude that there is no statistical significance between the morning and evening doses.

Demographic data were collected by taking participants' data, in addition to, blood tests to measure fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, high and low denisty lipo protein.