The energetic costs of generating calcium carbonate skeletons and shells in marine organisms remain largely speculative because of the scarcity of empirical data. However, this information is critical for estimating the energetic limitations of marine calcifiers that can explain their sensitivity to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry in past, present, and future marine systems. Here, the cost of calcification was evaluated using larval stages of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We developed a skeleton re-mineralization assay, in which the skeleton was dissolved in live larvae followed by a re-mineralization over a few days. During skeleton re-mineralization, energetic costs were estimated through the measurement of key metabolic parameters including whole-animal metabolic rate, citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity, and mRNA expression as well as mitochondrial density in the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs). Minor increases in CS activity and a 10–15% increase in mitochondrial density in PMCs were observed in re-mineralizing larvae as compared with control larvae. Remineralization under three different pH conditions (pH 8.1, pH 7.6, and pH 7.1) decreased with decreasing pH, accompanied by pronounced increases in CS expression levels and increased mitochondrial density in PMCs at pH 7.6. Despite a prominent increase in mitochondrial density of primary mesenchyme cells, particularly in the calcifying cohort of this cell type, this work demonstrated a low overall metabolic response to increased mineralization rates at the whole-animal level under both high and low pH conditions. We conclude that calcification in sea urchin larvae is compromised under low pH conditions, associated with low energetic efforts to fuel compensatory processes.

Methods include sea urchin larval culturing, de- and recalcification of the larval skeleton, quantification of metabolism (citrate synthase activity and transcription levels, respiration rate) and mitrochondrial density using Mitotracker. For method details see published manuscript Hu et al. "Calcification in sea urchin larvae is associated with low metabolic costs", Journal of Experimental Biology (2024) 227, jeb248145, doi:10.1242/jeb.248145