Inflammation causes pain by shifting the balance of ionic currents in nociceptors towards depolarization, leading to hyperexcitability. The ensemble of ion channels within the plasma membrane is regulated by processes including biogenesis, transport, and degradation. Thus, alterations in ion channel trafficking may influence excitability. Sodium channel Na_V1.7 and potassium channel K_V7.2 promote and oppose excitability in nociceptors, respectively. We used live-cell imaging to investigate mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators modulate the abundance of these channels at axonal surfaces through transcription, vesicular loading, axonal transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis. Inflammatory mediators induced a Na_V1.7-dependent increase in activity in distal axons. Further, inflammation increased the abundance of Na_V1.7, but not of K_V7.2, at axonal surfaces by selectively increasing channel loading into anterograde transport vesicles and insertion at the membrane, without affecting retrograde transport. These results uncover a cell-biological mechanism for inflammatory pain and suggest Na_V1.7 trafficking as a potential therapeutic target.