A major challenge for implantable medical systems is the inclusion or reliable delivery of electrical power. We use ultrasound to deliver mechanical energy through skin and liquids, and demonstrate a thin implantable vibrating triboelectric generator able to effectively harvest it. The ultrasound can induce the micrometer scale displacement of a polymer thin membrane to generate electrical energy through contact electrification. We recharge a Li-ion battery at a rate of 166 μC/s in water. The voltage and current generated ex-vivo by ultrasound-energy transfer reached 2.4 V and 156 µA under porcine tissue. It shows that capacitive triboelectric electret is the first technology able to compete with piezoelectricity to harvest ultrasound in-vivo and power medical implants.
Data S1 (Fig. 1C, D, E)
Photo image of the VI-TEG device (upward and downward side) and COMSOL Multiphysics file calculated “acoustic pressure”, “total displacement” under ultrasound at 20 kHz in water.
Figure 1.zip
Data S2 (Fig. 2A, C, D, E, F)
Photo image of the VI-TEG device located inside the water bath and ultrasound probe set. Raw output data measured output voltage and current, and optimum power output at certain impedance given in csv and opj format.
Figure 2.zip
Data S3 (Fig. 3A, B, C, D)
Raw output data measured charging capacitor (4.7 mF) and Li-ion battery (0.7 mAh), and output voltage and current as a function of the probe distance and the probe power in csv and opj format.
Figure 3.zip
Data S4 (Fig. 4D, E)
Raw output data measuring output voltage and current at different implant depth (0.5, 1.0 cm)
Figure 4.zip
Data S5 (Fig. S2)
Photo image of the cross-sectional VI-TEG characterized by FE-SEM, demonstrating the air gap between perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) and bottom Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
Fig. S2.zip
Data S6 (Fig. S3)
COMSOL Multiphysics files calculated acoustic pressure and its distribution in the VI-TEG in the presence of the air and the electrode under ultrasound at 20 kHz, including photo images captured in png format.
Fig. S3.zip
Data S7 (Fig. S4)
COMSOL Multiphysics files calculated acoustic pressure and its distribution in the VI-TEG depending on the dimension of the device under ultrasound at 20 kHz, including photo images captured in png format.
Fig. S4.zip
Data S8 (Fig. S5)
COMSOL Multiphysics file calculated acoustic pressure field and resulting displacement of the VI-TEG under ultrasound at 20 kHz, including photo images captured in png format.
Fig. S5.zip
Data S9 (Fig. S6)
Photo image of the experimental setup to measure electrical property of the VI-TEG under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S6.zip
Data S10 (Fig. S7)
Raw charging capacitors (capacitance: 0.1, 0.47, 1 mF) data measured charging rate depending on the presence of both rectifier and transformer.
Fig. S7.zip
Data S11 (Fig. S8)
Raw output data measured voltage of the VI-TEG depending on the probe distance (1-10 mm) under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S8.zip
Data S12 (Fig. S9)
Raw output data measured output voltage of the VI-TEG at 2 mm probe distance under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S9.zip
Data S13 (Fig. S10)
Raw output data measured output voltage of the VI-TEG at 5 mm probe distance under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S10.zip
Data S14 (Fig. S11)
COMSOL Multiphysics file calculated displacement of the VI-TEG depending on a probe distance (3, 5, 7 mm) under ultrasound at 20 kHz, including photo images captured in png format.
Fig. S11.zip
Data S15 (Fig. S12)
Raw output data measured voltage and current of the VI-TEG depending on the probe distance (1-10 mm) and the probe power (0.5-5 W/cm2) under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S12.zip
Data S16 (Fig. S13, 15, 17)
VI-TEG under the rat skin. It includes raw output data measured output voltage and current of the implanted VI-TEG, and charging capacitor (capacitance: 0.1 mF) under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S13, 15, 17.zip
Data S17 (Fig. S14, 16)
Raw output data measured voltage and current of the VI-TEG in bovine serum solution at 5 mm probe distance under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S14, 16.zip
Data S18 (Fig. S18)
Raw output data measured voltage and current of the VI-TEG implanted at 0.5, 1.0 cm depth inside the porcine tissue under ultrasound at 20 kHz.
Fig. S18.zip
