Objective: In general, published studies analyze healthcare utilization, rather than foregone care, among different population groups. The assessment of forgone care as an aspect of healthcare system performance is important because it indicates the gap between perceived need and actual utilization of healthcare services. This study focused on a specific vulnerable group, middle-aged and elderly people with chronic diseases, and evaluated the prevalence of foregone care and associated factors among this population in China. Methods: Data were obtained from a nationally representative household survey of middle-aged and elderly individuals (≥45 years), the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which was conducted by the National School of Development of Peking University in 2013. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sample characteristics and the prevalence of foregone care. Andersen’s healthcare utilization and binary logistic models were used to evaluate the determinants of foregone care among middle-aged and elderly individuals with chronic diseases. Results: The prevalence of foregone outpatient and inpatient care among middle-aged and elderly people were 10.21% and 6.84%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of foregone care for physical examinations was relatively high (57.88%). Predisposing factors, including age, marital status, employment, education, and family size, significantly affected foregone care in this population. Regarding enabling factors, individuals in the highest income group reported less foregone inpatient care or physical examinations compared with those in the lowest income group. Social healthcare insurance could significantly reduce foregone care in outpatient and inpatient situations; however, these schemes (except for Urban Employee Medical Insurance) did not appear to have a significant impact on foregone care involving physical examinations. Conclusion: In China, policymakers may need to further adjust healthcare policies, such as health insurance schemes, and improve the hierarchical medical system, to promote reduction in foregone care and effective utilization of health services.