Freshwater environments vary widely in ion availability, owing to both natural and anthropogenic drivers. Field and laboratory work point to the importance of overall salinity as well as cation depletion, in shaping the physiology, behavior, and ecology of freshwater taxa. Yet, we currently have a poor understanding of the degree to which populations may vary in response to ion availability. Using Daphnia collected from three lakes that differ greatly in salinity and calcium availability, we conducted a laboratory reciprocal transplant experiment to assess how animals representing these populations vary in fecundity, body size, and survival when reared in lake water from each environment. The lake water environment and population of origin strongly interacted to shape Daphnia growth and reproduction. Surprisingly, we found only modest evidence that lake water with abundant calcium (5.5 mg/L vs. 1.2-2.3 mg/L) increased Daphnia growth or reproduction. In contrast, water from a relatively ion-rich lake (400 µS/cm specific conductance) strongly boosted Daphnia fecundity over lower-ion lake water (20-50 µS/cm), especially for the population originating from the high-ion environment. Our results suggest that ion-poor conditions common in regions around the world may exert stress on freshwater organisms, even for populations inhabiting these environments. Meanwhile, moderate salt enrichment may not prove harmful but could even benefit freshwater taxa in these ion-poor regions. The context dependence of how and when lake water chemistry affects Daphnia and other freshwater taxa deserves greater attention, in both ion-depleted and ion-rich conditions. Daphnia are key members of lake food webs and serve as an important model for ecology, evolution, and toxicology research. Consideration of how lake water chemistry may influence how Daphnia populations respond to abiotic and biotic stress may improve the ability to evaluate and predict ecological and evolutionary dynamics in lakes of varying chemical composition.

We reared Daphnia from three lakes in lake water from each of these lakes. We included 4 clonal lineages per lake and 4-13 replicates per clonal lineage/ lake/ treatment. We measured body size at 7 days and noted whether Daphnia reproduced by that time. We noted survival to maturity. We counted offspring over 21 days and measured Daphnia again at 21 days.

If Daphnia did not survive to 7 or 21 Days, 7-day and/or 21-day length is NA. 

If Daphnia did not survive to reproduce, totaloffspring = NA and rep_by_day7 = NA

Column headers are:

• Lake: Lake of origin (from Egypt, Hall, or Sewell Pond)
• Trt: Lake water rearing conditions (E: Egypt, S: Sewell, H: Hall)
• Clone: clonal lineage (one of four from each lake)
• Replicate: experimental replicate for a given lake x treatment x clone
• Died_before_mature: did the animal die before reproducing? 0: no, 1: yes
• rep_by_day7: reproduced by day 7 (0: no, 1: yes)
• totaloffspring: total offspring produced over the 21 day trial
• Day7_length_mm: body length measured on day 7 in mm
• Day21_length_mm: body length measured on day 21 in mm (NA if died between days 7 and 21)