Strong plastic responses in aerenchyma formation in F1 hybrids of Imperata cylindrica under different soil moisture conditions
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence demonstrating how phenotypic plasticity in specific traits mediates hybrid performance. Two ecotypes of Imperata cylindrica produce F1 hybrids. The early flowering type (E-type) in wet habitats has larger internal gas spaces (aerenchyma) than the common type (C-type) in dry habitats. This study evaluated the relationships between the habitat utilisation, aerenchyma plasticity, and growth of I. cylindrica accessions. We hypothesize that plasticity in expressing parental traits explains hybrid establishment in habitats with various soil moisture conditions.
Aerenchyma formation was examined in the leaf midribs, rhizomes, and roots of two parental ecotypes and their F1 hybrids in their natural habitats. In common garden experiments, we examined plastic aerenchyma formation in the leaf midribs, rhizomes and roots of natural and artificial F1 hybrids and parental ecotypes. Their vegetative growth performance was also quantified.
In the natural habitats where soil moisture content varied widely, the F1 hybrids showed larger variation of aerenchyma formation in the rhizomes than their parental ecotypes. In the common garden experiments, the F1 hybrids showed high plasticity of aerenchyma formation in the rhizomes, and their growth was similar to that of C-type and E-type under drained and flooded conditions, respectively.
The results demonstrate that the F1 hybrids of I. cylindrica exhibit plasticity in aerenchyma development in response to varying local soil moisture content. This characteristic allows the hybrids to thrive in diverse soil moisture conditions.
README: Data set: Strong plastic responses in aerenchyma formation in F1 hybrids of Imperata cylindrica under different soil moisture conditions
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p335
Aerenchyma formation was examined in the leaf midribs, rhizomes, and roots of two parental ecotypes and their F1 hybrids in their natural habitats. In common garden experiments, we examined plastic aerenchyma formation in the leaf midribs, rhizomes and roots of natural and artificial F1 hybrids and parental ecotypes. Their vegetative growth performance was also quantified.
Description of the data and file structure
File structure
script.zip\
|- Fig1.R\
|- Fig2.R\
|- Fig3.R\
|- Fig4.R\
|- FigS1.R\
|- FigS2.R\
|- FigS3.R\
|- FigS4.R
function.zip\
|- paste_dms.R\
|- plotn.R
data.zip\
|- ne_50m_land/\
| |- ne_50m_land.cpg
| |- ne_50m_land.dbf
| |- ne_50m_land.prj
| |- ne_50m_land.README.html
| |- ne_50m_land.shp
| |- ne_50m_land.shx
| |- ne_50m_land.VERSION.txt
|- Biomass_2018.csv
|- Data_2016.csv
|- Data_2018.csv
|- Field_aerenchyma.csv
|- Habitat.csv
|- Habitat_moisture.csv
|- Sampling_location.csv
|- Transform_ID_rep.csv
Description\
script.zip\
Fig1.R: Make Figure 1 and output distribution data of soil moisture of two ecotype and F1.\
Fig2.R: Make Figure 2 of relationship between aerenchyma and soil moisture in natural habitats.\
Fig3.R: Make Figure 3 of total dry weight under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2016.\
Fig4.R: Make Figure 4 of aerenchyma under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2018.\
FigS1.R: Make Figure S1 of relationship between actual soil moisture and soil moisture index.\
FigS2.R: Make Figure S2 of root aerenchyma under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2018.\
FigS3.R: Make Figure S3 of total dry weight under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2018.\
FigS4.R: Make Figure S4 of rhizome aerenchyma under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2016.
function.zip\
paste_dms.R: Using to convert from deg to dms format of latitude and longitude.\
plotn.R: Using to make map figure.
data.zip\
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.cpg : cpg file to draw map in R. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.dbf : dbf file to draw map in R. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.prj : prj file to draw map in R. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.README.html : Readme file of ne_50m_land files. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.shp : Shape file of lands on earth. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.shx : shx file to draw map in R. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.VERSION.txt : Version file of ne_50m_land files. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Biomass_2018.csv: Biomass data in common garden experiments in 2018.
- Strain: Accession
- Ecotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid)
- Treatment: Treatment (Dry and Wet)
- ID: Sample ID
- Position: Parts of biomass (foliage, top of pots, middle of pots, bottom of pots)
- Envelope: Envelope mass
- Biomass.Env: Total biomass + Envelope mass
- Biomass: Total biomass; Replication: Replication ID
Data_2016.csv: Aerenchyma data in common garden experiments in 2016.
- Sample: Accession
- Morph: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid)
- Treatment: Treatment (Dry and Wet)
- Replication: replication ID
- TDW: Total dry weight
- Area: Rhizome transection area
- Aerenchyma: aerenchyma size of rhizome
- Percent: Aerenchyma/Area * 100
Data_2018.csv: Aerenchyma data in common garden experiments in 2018.
- Line: Accession
- Ecotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid)
- Treatment: Treatment (Dry and Wet)
- Replication: replication ID
- ID: Sample ID
- Rh_wh_av: Average of area of rhizome cross-section
- Rh_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma area of rhizome cross-section
- Rhizome: Aerenchyma percentage of rhizome
- Le_dia_wh_av: Average of diameter of leaf midrib cross-section
- Le_dia_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma diameter of leaf midrib cross-section
- Leaf_dia: Aerenchyma percentage (diameter) of leaf midrib
- Le_are_wh_av: Average of area of leaf midrib cross-section
- Le_are_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma area of leaf midrib cross-section
- Leaf_area: Aerenchyma percentage (area) of leaf midrib
- B10_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction
- B10_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction
- B10: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction
- B30_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction
- B30_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction
- B30: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction
- T50_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 50 mm from root tip
- T50_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 50 mm from root tip
- T50: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 50 mm from root tip
- T30_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 30 mm from root tip
- T30_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 30 mm from root tip
- T30: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 30 mm from root tip
- T10_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root tip
- T10_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 10 mm from root tip
- T10: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 10 mm from root tip
Field_aerenchyma.csv: Aerenchyma data in natural habitats.
- ID: Sample ID
- Leaf_dia: Diameter of leaf midrib cross-section
- Leaf_area: Area of leaf midrib cross-section
- Rhizome: Area of rhizome cross-section
- RootB10: Area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction
- Moist_av: Soil moisture content of soil from sampling points
- Ecotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) estimated by molecular marker
- Date: Sampling date
- Habitat: Habitat of sampling points
- Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index
Habitat.csv: Categorical soil moisture class data.
- N_genotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) estimated by molecular marker
- Sample: Sample ID
- Region: Region in Japan
- Prefecture: Prefecture in Japan
- Population: Population ID
- Plot: Plot ID in population
- Habitat: Habitat of sampling points
- Date: Sampling date
- Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index
- Remarks: Remarks about habitats
Habitat_moisture.csv: Categorical soil moisture class and actual soil moisture data.
- N_genotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) estimated by molecular marker
- Sample: Sample ID
- Region: Region in Japan
- Prefecture: Prefecture in Japan
- Population: Population ID
- Plot: Plot ID in population
- Habitat: Habitat of sampling points
- Moisture: Soil moisture contents
- Date: Sampling date
- Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index
- Remarks: Remarks about habitats
Sampling_location.csv: Sampling location data.
- Region: Region in Japan
- Prefecture: Prefecture in Japan
- Population: Population ID
- Latitude: Latitude of sampling points
- Longitude: Longitude of sampling points
- Soil: Is soil sampled from sampling points? (Yes/No)
Transform_ID_rep.csv: Conversion matrix of sample name.
- ID: Sample ID
- Replication: Replication ID
Sharing/Access information
None.
Code/Software
All scripts were run on software R.
Methods
Aerenchyma formation was examined in the leaf midribs, rhizomes, and roots of two parental ecotypes and their F1 hybrids in their natural habitats. In common garden experiments, we examined plastic aerenchyma formation in the leaf midribs, rhizomes and roots of natural and artificial F1 hybrids and parental ecotypes. Their vegetative growth performance was also quantified. All analysis were conducted in R.