Unseasonal fire occurrence is increasing globally, driven by climate change and other human activity. Changed timing of fire can inhibit post-fire seedling recruitment through interactions with plant phenology (the timing of key processes, e.g., flower initiation, seed production, dispersal, germination), and therefore threaten the persistence of many plant species. While empirical evidence from winter-rainfall ecosystems shows that optimal seedling recruitment is expected following summer and autumn (dry season) fires, we sought experimental evidence isolating the mechanisms of poor recruitment following unseasonal (wet season) fire. We implemented a seed sowing experiment using nine species native to fire-prone, Mediterranean-climate woodlands in southwestern Australia to emulate the timing of post-fire recruitment and test key mechanisms of fire seasonality effects. For seeds sown during months when fire is unseasonal (i.e. August-September: end of the wet winter season), seedling recruitment was reduced by up to 99% relative to seeds sown during seasonal fire months (i.e. May-June: end of the dry summer season) due to varying seed persistence, seedling emergence and seedling survival. We found that up to 70 times more seedlings emerged when seeds were sown during seasonal fire months compared to when seeds were sown during unseasonal fire months. The few seedlings that emerged from unseasonal sowings all died with the onset of the dry season. Of the seeds that failed to germinate from unseasonal sowings, only 2% survived exposure on the soil surface over the ensuing hot and dry summer. Our experimental results demonstrate the potential for unseasonal fire to inhibit seedling recruitment via impacts on pre-germination seed persistence and seedling establishment. As ongoing climate change lengthens fire seasons (i.e., unseasonal wildfires become more common) and managed fires are implemented further outside historically-typical fire seasons, post-fire seedling recruitment may become more vulnerable to failure, causing shifts in plant community composition towards those with fewer species solely dependent on seeds for regeneration.

Seedling emergence and survival data
[seedling_emeregence_survival_EcolApps.xlsx]
This data file contains the raw data used in the analysis of seedling emergence and survival relative to the timing of seed sowing throughout the year.

Exposed seed persistence data
[seed_persistence_EcolApps.xlsx]
This data file contains the raw data used in the analysis of seed survival relative to the number of months that seeds were exposed on the soil surface over summer.