N2O and CO2 fluxes and related environmental conditions in response to manure and synthetic fertilization treatments, with and without a urease inhibitor
Data files
Jan 23, 2024 version files 678.54 KB
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20230929_Brickman_et_al_final.csv
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README.md
Abstract
Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and N loss as NH3, but the practice has been shown to increase N2O, a powerful GHG, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH3 emissions, but its impact on N2O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N2O, CO2, soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a two-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT (n=4 treatment replicates; 32 total subplots). This dataset includes the daily N2O and CO2 fluxes in every subplot on each sampling day in our trial, along with cumulative emissions for 2020 and 2021. We also include the other variables that we measured (listed above) and relevant weather data (precipitation and air temperature). Note that during the second treatment application in 2021, the incorrect treatment was applied to one synthetic urea subplot. We therefore excluded this subplot from our analysis of daily fluxes after 30 July 2021 (n=3 synthetic urea replicates). Details about our sampling methods are available in the corresponding manuscript.
README: N2O and CO2 fluxes and related environmental conditions in response to manure and synthetic fertilization treatments, with and without a urease inhibitor
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qv9s4mwn7
Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and N loss as NH3, but the practice has been shown to increase N2O, a powerful GHG, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH3 emissions, but its impact on N2O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N2O, CO2, soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a two-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT (n=4 treatment replicates; 32 total subplots). This dataset includes the daily N2O and CO2 fluxes in every subplot on each sampling day in our trial, along with cumulative emissions for 2020 and 2021. We also include the other variables that we measured (listed above) and relevant weather data (precipitation and air temperature). Note that during the second treatment application in 2021, the incorrect treatment was applied to one synthetic urea subplot. We therefore excluded this subplot from our analysis of daily fluxes after 30 July 2021 (n=3 synthetic urea replicates). Details about our sampling methods are available in the corresponding manuscript.
Description of the data and file structure
NA stands for not available
- date: sampling date
- plot: subplot number
- treatment: Treatment applied to the specified subplot. This references both the nitrogen source/application method (manure broadcast, manure injection, synthetic urea, and control) and whether urease inhibitor was applied with the main fertilization treatment (w/inhib if inhibitor was also applied)
- inhib: none if urease inhibitor was not applied, inhib if urease inhibitor was applied
- fert: nitrogen source/application method (Broadcast = manure broadcast; Fertilizer = synthetic urea; Inject = manure injection; and Control = no nitrogen applied)
- dst: days since treatment application
- kgCO2C_per_haday: daily CO2 fluxes (kg CO2-C ha-1 day-1)
- gN2ON_per_haday: daily N2O fluxes (g N2O-N ha-1 day-1)
- avgsoiltemp_C: soil temperature (°C) adjacent to the static gas sampling chamber at the time of sampling, averaged between two temperature measurements per subplot
- mean_air_temp_C: for sampling dates in 2020, average air temperature (°C) is the average daily temperature at Borderview Research Farm, while for sampling dates in 2021, average air temperature (°C) is the average air temperature during the 45-minute gas flux sampling period for each subplot. (We measured N2O and CO2 fluxes using a photoactoustic gas monitor in 2020 and a gas chromatograph in 2021. During each sampling day in 2021, chamber lids were deployed on the static chambers for 45 minutes, during which time gas samples were collected every 15 minutes, from 0 minutes to 45 minutes. Average air temperature during this 45-minute period was used in the equation converting N2O and CO2 from a volume to mass basis [see “Materials and Methods” in main manuscript].) We only used average air temperature to calculate N2O and CO2 fluxes in 2021, because when using the photoacoustic gas monitor in 2020, the instrument automatically took air temperature into account when reporting on gas concentrations.
- year: sampling year
- precip_monthly_CM: monthly precipitation (cm)
- precip_daily_DB: total daily precipitation (cm) the day before sampling
- VWC: volumetric water content (%), averaged between two time domain reflectometry readings per subplot
- mg_NO3_kg_soil: soil NO3- concentration (mg NO3-N kg dry soil-1) adjacent to the static gas sampling chamber at the time of sampling (soil sampling depth = 0-20 cm)
- mg_NH4_kg_soil: soil NH4+ concentration (mg NH4-N kg dry soil-1) adjacent to the static gas sampling chamber at the time of sampling (soil sampling depth = 0-20 cm)
- A note on the following columns: AUC stands for “area under the curve.” We calculated each annual measurement period’s cumulative values for N2O and CO2 emissions, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil NO3- concentration, and soil NH4+ concentration by integrating the area under the curve of the time series of daily values using the pracma package in RStudio (Borchers, 2022; RStudio Team, 2022).
- no3.AUC: Cumulative soil NO3- concentration during each annual measurement period (14 Aug-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021).
- nh4.AUC: Cumulative soil NH4+ concentration during each annual measurement period (14 Aug-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021).
- co2.AUC: Cumulative CO2 emissions during each annual measurement period (18 June-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021)
- n2o.AUC: Cumulative N2O emissions during each annual measurement period (18 June-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021)
- soiltemp.AUC: Cumulative soil temperature during each annual measurement period (18 June-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021)
- VWC.AUC: Cumulative volumetric water content during each annual measurement period (18 June-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021)
- precip.AUC: Cumulative precipitation (cm) during each annual measurement period (18 June-16 Nov. 2020; 19 May-17 Nov. 2021)
Code/Software
All data analyses were conducted in R studio (RStudio Team, 2022)
References
Borchers, H.W. (2022). pracma: Practical Numerical Math Functions. R package version 2.3.8. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pracma
RStudio Team. (2022). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/