Vehicles collide with hundreds of thousands of deer on European roads each year. This leads to animal deaths and suffering, economic damage and risks for human safety, making the reduction of road mortality a major field in conservation biology. In order to successfully reduce roadkill, we need improved knowledge regarding spatio-temporal patterns of deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) on a landscape scale. Here, we analyzed >85,000 DVCs collected over 17 years in Denmark to investigate changes in the number of DVCs over time and to find spatio-temporal patterns of DVC occurrence. We used a use-availability design – originally developed for habitat selection analyses – to compare DVCs involving roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) with random road locations on a landscape scale. This approach enabled us to combine temporal (seasonal and diel variation), spatial (land cover, road density and type) and other relevant variables (deer population density, traffic, and deer activity) within the same analysis. We found that factors related to infrastructure and land cover were most important in explaining patterns of DVCs, but seasonal and diel changes, deer activity, and population density were also important in predicting the occurrence of DVCs. Importantly, patterns of DVCs were largely similar between the three deer species, with more DVCs occurring at intermediate traffic density, increasing forest cover, during dusk and dawn, and with increasing deer activity and population density. The strong and consistent patterns found here will allow the development of flexible mitigation measures. We propose that our findings could be used to develop a spatio-temporally flexible warning system for smartphones and navigation systems that is based on existing map providers, making it a widely available and cheap mitigation measure.

Data on deer-vehicle collisions for roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Dama dama) were collected countrywide in Denmark (Fig. 1). A corps of hunters, supervised under the “Schweiss-register” by the Danish Nature Agency, conducted tracking and euthanasia of traffic-injured deer with specially trained tracking dogs. From 2003-2010, it was mandatory for tracking dog handlers to register the exact location of DVCs, date and time for all DVCs they were called for, as well as information on species, sex and age class if available. From 2011-2016, only the number of annual DVCs was registered without information on spatial location (not shown in this data set), but from 2017-2019 the spatial location was again registered although not the time of day.

Coordinates (Lat/Lon) are given in WGS 1984. Fawns/calves were defined as individuals in their first year of life (May 1 was used as cut-off date), yearlings as individuals in their second year of life, and adults all individuals >2 years. Roads were categorized into (1) ≥3-6 m wide (speed limit 50-80 km/h), (2) >6 m wide (speed limit 50-80 km/h), (3) expressways (speed limit 80-110 km/h, with restrictions on traffic types and grade crossings), and (4) motorways (speed limit 80-130 km/h, multilane road with controlled access and no grade crossings). Land cover types were categorized into arable fields, built up areas (including any property in the country with a building on it, i.e., including gardens, farmsteads etc.), heathland, fallow (areas taken out of agricultural production), forest, water bodies, and pastures.