Data from: Herbivore-induced volatile blends with both “fast” and “slow” components provide robust indirect defense in nature
Data files
Jul 13, 2018 version files 15.67 MB
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Figure 1B_Geocoris_feeding activities.xlsx
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Figure 1C and 1D_predation assay control.xlsx
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Figure 1E and S1_Feeding activities.xlsx
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Figure 2C and 2D_HIPV emissions after the dawn and dusk elicitation in Utah.xlsx
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Figure 3_Different time elicitation experiment in the glasshouse RE-INTEGRATION.xlsx
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Figure 4, S5, and S6_GLV supplementation predation assay.xlsx
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Figure 4, Table S2_GLV blends.xlsx
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Figure 5_EV irLOX2 irLOX23 dawn dusk predation assay.xlsx
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Figure 6 and training period_Geocoris activity.xlsx
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Untargeted timecourse analysis_common_background.xlsx
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Abstract
1.Plants emit volatile blends specific to particular herbivore interactions, which predators and parasitoids learn to associate with prey, increasing herbivore mortality and thereby plant fitness in a phenomenon termed indirect defense.
2.Herbivore-induced plant volatile blends commonly include both rapid, transient green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and delayed, enduring sesquiterpenes. A few laboratory studies indicate that insects can use plant volatiles to time behavior, but it is not known whether and how the temporal dynamics of plant volatile blends influence their function in indirect defense.
3.We characterized the activity of the native herbivores Manduca sexta and Tupiocoris notatus and their predators, Geocoris spp., on their host plant Nicotiana attenuata in their natural habitat. Diurnal predator activity only partially overlapped with variable herbivore activity, and herbivore attack at the beginning or end of the photophase elicited plant volatile blends with distinct GLV and sesquiterpene profiles.
4.In field trials, day-active Geocoris spp. predators preferred morning- over evening-typical GLV blends. Using plants genetically transformed so as to be unable to produce specific volatiles, we found that GLVs increased predation after dawn elicitations, whereas sesquiterpenes increased predation after dusk elicitations in field trials.
5.We conclude that predators respond to temporal differences in plant volatile blends, and that the different dynamics of specific volatiles permit effective indirect defense despite variable herbivore activity in nature.