Conspecific recognition is the ability to distinguish and respond to individuals of the same species. In nematodes, this behavior can mediate aggregation, feeding behavior, or mating. Here, we investigated whether and how the predatory nematode Seinura caverna recognizes and avoids conspecifics to prey on. In predation assays, S. caverna did not kill conspecifics, but killed nematodes of three heterospecific species. Interestingly, S. caverna did not kill Ektaphelenchoides spondylis nematodes. S. caverna did not eject its stylet when encountering conspecifics or E. spondylis. The characterization of the internal cuticle structure of 13 nematode species suggested that the cuticle may play a role in the preying decision, as E. spondylis and S. caverna exhibited similar, type III, cuticle layers. Chemical extracts from S. caverna further repelled conspecifics. We discuss the potential hierarchical use of physical and chemical cues in S. caverna predation behavior and provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and behavior of this organism.