Data and R analysis code: Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours
Data files
Dec 04, 2023 version files 36.70 KB
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Behavior.Data.csv
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Consistency.Data.csv
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README.md
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Reliability.Data.csv
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of odours in mammals, few studies have documented the natural olfactory abilities of many “non-model” species such as the Asian elephant. As Asian elephants are endangered, we may apply odours to more effectively manage threatened populations. We implemented a habituation–discrimination paradigm for the first time in Asian elephants to test the ability of elephants to discriminate between unfamiliar male elephant urine, hypothesizing that elephants would successfully distinguish non-musth from musth urine and also distinguish identity between two closely related individuals. We conducted two bioassay series, exposing three female and three male zoo-housed elephants to the same urine sample (non-musth urine in the first series, and urine from an unfamiliar individual in the second) over five days. On the sixth day, we simultaneously presented each elephant with a novel sample (either musth urine or urine from a second unfamiliar individual) alongside the habituated urine sample, comparing rates of chemosensory response to each sample to indicate discrimination. All elephants successfully discriminated non-musth from musth urine, and also urine from two unfamiliar half-brothers. Our results further demonstrate the remarkable olfactory abilities of elephants with promising implications for conservation and management.
README
This README file was generated on 2023-12-01 by Chase LaDue.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Title of Dataset: Data and R analysis code: Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours
Author Information
A. Principal Investigator Contact Information
Name: Chase LaDue
Institution: Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
Address: 2000 Remington Place, Oklahoma City, OK USA
Email: chase.ladue@gmail.comB. Co-investigator Contact Information
Name: Rebecca Snyder
Institution: Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
Address: 2000 Remington Place, Oklahoma City, OK USA
Email: rsnyder@okczoo.orgDate of data collection: June to July 2023
Geographic location of data collection: Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, USA
Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: No external funding.
SHARING/ACCESS Information
Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain
Links to publications that cite or use the data:
LaDue, C. A., & Snyder, R. J. (2023). Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours. Biology Letters.
Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None
Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None
Was data derived from another source? No
A. If yes, list source(s): NARecommended citation for this dataset:
LaDue, C. A., & Snyder, R. J. (2023). Data and R analysis code: Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours. Dryad Digital Repository. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w6m905qw1
DATA & FILE OVERVIEW
- File List:
A) Behavior.Data.csv
B) Consistency.Data.csv
C) Reliability.Data.csv
- Relationship between files, if important:
- To test for habituation/discrimination and generate plots:
Behavioral data (
Behavior.Data.csv
) are analyzed usingBehavior.Data.Analysis.R
script. See comments within script for explanations.
- To test for habituation/discrimination and generate plots:
Behavioral data (
* To test for observer reliability and consistency:
Data (Reliability.Data.csv
and Consistency.Data.csv
) are analyzed using Reliability.Consistency.Analysis.R
script. See comments within script for explanations.
Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None
Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No
A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: NA
i. Why was the file updated? NA
ii. When was the file updated? NA
#########################################################################
DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Behavior.Data.csv
Number of variables: 22
Number of cases/rows: 144
Variable List:
- SessionID: ID number of observation session/bioassay
* Animal.Code: unique identifier for each of six animals in study (F = female, M = male)
* Trial.Set: Musth = musth discrimination series; Individual = individual discrimination series
* Series.Day: day of respective bioassay series (Day 1 through Day 6)
* Sample.identifier: kind of sample towards which chemosensory response was directed (habituated sample is habituated urine, control sample is vanillin mixture, novel sample is new urine; see reference for description)
* Sample.Position: relative position of each sample on each day of bioassay (near or far; left or right)
* Sniff: number of sniffs observed during bioassay
* Check: number of checks observed during bioassay
* Place: number of places observed during bioassay
* Flehmen: number of flehmens observed during bioassay
* Chemosensory.behavior: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay
* Proximity.Count: number of times elephant was in proximity to sample during bioassay
* Sniff.min: number of sniffs observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Check.min: number of checks observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Place.min: number of places observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Flehmen.min: number of flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Chemosensory.behavior.min: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Sniff.prox: number of sniffs observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Check.prox: number of checks observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Place.prox: number of places observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Flehmen.prox: number of flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Chemosensory.behavior.prox: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
Missing data codes: None
Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
#########################################################################
DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Consistency.Data.csv
Number of variables: 2
Number of cases/rows: 72
Variable List:
* Standard: number of chemosensory behaviors per minute towards a sample observed by expert observer
* Reliability: number of chemosensory behaviors per minute towards a sample observed by test observer (to check for data consistency)
Missing data codes: None
Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
#########################################################################
DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Reliability.Data.csv
Number of variables: 22
Number of cases/rows: 144
Variable List:
- SessionID: ID number of observation session/bioassay
* Animal.Code: unique identifier for each of six animals in study (F = female, M = male)
* Trial.Set: Musth = musth discrimination series; Individual = individual discrimination series
* Series.Day: day of respective bioassay series (Day 1 through Day 6)
* Sample.identifier: kind of sample towards which chemosensory response was directed (habituated sample is habituated urine, control sample is vanillin mixture, novel sample is new urine; see reference for description)
* Sample.Position: relative position of each sample on each day of bioassay (near or far; left or right)
* Sniff: number of sniffs observed during bioassay
* Check: number of checks observed during bioassay
* Place: number of places observed during bioassay
* Flehmen: number of flehmens observed during bioassay
* Chemosensory.behavior: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay
* Proximity.Count: number of times elephant was in proximity to sample during bioassay
* Sniff.min: number of sniffs observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Check.min: number of checks observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Place.min: number of places observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Flehmen.min: number of flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Chemosensory.behavior.min: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per minute of observation
* Sniff.prox: number of sniffs observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Check.prox: number of checks observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Place.prox: number of places observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Flehmen.prox: number of flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
* Chemosensory.behavior.prox: sum total of sniffs, checks, places, and flehmens observed during bioassay, standardized per instance of proximity
Missing data codes: None
Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None