Diapause is an adaptive dormancy strategy by which arthropods endure extended periods of adverse climatic conditions.  Seasonal variation in larval diapause initiation and duration in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, influences adult mating generation number (voltinism) across local environmental conditions.  Degree of mating period overlap between sympatric voltinism ecotypes influence hybridization level, but impact on O. furnacalis population genetic structure and evolution of divergent adaptive phenotypes remains uncertain.   Genetic differentiation was estimated between voltinism ecotypes collected from 8 locations in Jilin Province, China [3 single generation (univoltine), 3 two generation (bivoltine), and 2 sympatric locations] in 2014.  Bayesian and phylogenetic clustering partitioned mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes mostly into groups corresponding to historically uni- or bivoltine population origins, whereas samples from sympatric locations were interspersed between voltinism-specific clusters.  Additionally, analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data implicate voltinism, as opposed to geographic distance, as a factor contributing to differentiation among sample site.  Temporal analysis of SNP genotypes from a sympatric location showed significant variation between adult moths collected within non-overlapping periods corresponding to bivoltine and univoltine flights.  Regardless, only 11 of 257 SNP loci were predicted to be under selection, suggesting population genetic homogenization except at loci in proximity to factors responsible for locally adaptive or voltinism-specific traits. These findings provide evidence that divergent voltinism ecotype-specific traits and mitochondrial haplotypes may be maintained in allopatric as well as sympatric areas despite relatively high rates of nuclear gene flow.

Sample genotype data for 380 individual Ostrinia furnacalis individual diapausing larvae collected from maize host plants at 8 field locations in Jilin Province, Peoples Republic of China during winter 2013.  Nomenclature and details regarding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker loci are available in Coates et al. (2011; Frontiers in Genetics, 2, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2011.00038), and Levy et al. (2015; Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28(1), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12562) and the Ostrinia Odorant Receptor 4 (OstOR4) TaqI restriction endonuclease digest genotyping assay is decribed by Wang et al. (2017; Molecular Ecology, 26(24), 6892-6907. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14387).

Nucleotide provided for allele 1 (A1) and allele 2 (A2).  Zero (0) indicates missing datapoint