Provenance for this README

• File name: README_Dataset-SurvivalAntarcticBiota.md
• Authors: Mark I. Stevens
• Other contributors: Andrew N. Mackintosh
• Date created: 2022-12-11
• Date modified: 2023-03-03

Dataset Attribution and Usage

• Title of Dataset: Data for the article “Location Location Location: survival of Antarctic biota requires the best real-estate” Manuscript DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0590
• Identifier for dataset: https://doi/10.5061/dryad.zw3r228bx
• Dataset Contributors: Mark I. Stevens and Andrew N. Mackintosh

Suggested Citations:

• Dataset citation: Stevens MI, Mackintosh AN. 2023 Data for the article “Location Location Location: survival of Antarctic biota requires the best real-estate”. Dryad, Dataset. (doi:10.5061/dryad.zw3r228bx)
• Corresponding publication: Stevens MI, Mackintosh AN. 2023 Location Location Location: survival of Antarctic biota requires the best real-estate. Biology Letters. Accepted. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0590)

Contact Information

• Name: Mark I. Stevens
• Affiliations: Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, Earth & Biological Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
• ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1505-1639
• Email: mark.stevens@samuseum.sa.gov.au
• Alternate Email: mark.stevens@adelaide.edu.au

Additional Dataset Metadata

Acknowledgements

Funding sources: This manuscript was supported in part from the Australian Research Council (ARC) funding under the SRIEAS (grant agreement no. SR200100005) (Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future).

Dates and Locations

• Dates of data collection: All data compiled between March and December 2022
• Geographic locations of data: Antarctica (see publication for more details)

Methodological Information

Methods of data collection/generation: see manuscript and Supplementary files for details

Data and File Overview

Table of Contents

Folder “Supplementary files” contains 2 files which can also be accessed through the Royal Society’s figshare portal
Supplementary_file.docx

#figures_S1-S7.pptx

Folder “compiled data files” contains 28 data files. Naming of the csv files (range from 1-14 KB) containing GPS coordinates (decimal degrees) is region_species where all species names can be obtained from [3] and regions are “AP”=Anatrctic Peninsula, “DML”=Dronning Maud Land, “EL”=Enderby Land, “NVL”=North Victoria Land, “SVL”= South Victoria Land, “QML”=Queen Maud Land; files with prefix “geo” refer to geothermal sites either as large or small [22]; “eDNA” refers to springtail DNA detected [27]; “Cosmogenic sites” are separated into high confidence and low confidence (see below and Supplementary file).

• QGIS_suppl_figs.qgz (1,082 KB)
• All_layers_definition_QGIS.qlr (796 KB)
• AP_Abrucei.csv
• AP_Cantarcticus.csv
• AP_Cbadasa.csv
• AP_Fantarcticus.csv
• AP_Ftopo.csv
• AP_Fwoyciechowskii.csv
• AP_Mcaeca.csv
• AP_Tmixta.csv
• DML_Csverdrupi.csv
• EL_Feureka.csv
• NVL_Ccisantarcticus.csv
• NVL_Cterranovus.csv
• NVL_Fgretae.csv
• NVL_Fpropia.csv
• NVL_Kklovstadi.csv
• QML_Asubpolaris.csv
• QML_Bsudpolaris.csv
• QML_Tmediantarctica.csv
• SVL_Amonoculata.csv
• SVL_Cnivicolus.csv
• SVL_Ghodgsoni.csv
• Cosmogenic sites_high.csv
• Cosmogenic sites_low.csv
• eDNA sites.csv
• geoLarge.csv
• geoSmall.csv
• Compiled data accessibility.

Supplementary files.

The two main manuscript figures (figures 1 and 2) showing all springtail, eDNA, geothermal and geochronological (cosmogenic) records are provided as greater fine-detail figures (figures S1-S7), to reveal greater resolution of detail in each region. These are available here, and also at the Royal Society’s figshare portal as Supplementary files.

The 26 .csv data files containing GPS coordinates (decimal degrees) that we used in QGIS are provided. In addition, we provide the QGIS project file used to generate the supplementary figures (QGIS_suppl_figs.qgz). The .qlr ‘layer definition file’ (All_layers_definition_QGIS.qlr) exported from QGIS, can be imported into QGIS with Qantarctica along with Bedmachine (https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0756/versions/2), which maintains the symbols and colours we used in our figures to explore this data further.

Description of the Data

Software and file formats used. All maps were created using the Antarctic GIS package ‘Quantarctica’ (https://www.qgis.org/en/site/about/case_studies/antarctica.html; [24]) in QGIS ver. 3.22.7 [25]. The Antarctic Conservation Biodiversity Regions (ACBRs) [1], shown in figure 1 and Supplementary figures S1-S7 are included in an ‘Environmental management’ layer within Quantarctica and colours were chosen to match those used previously [1]. For the land topography of Antarctica we used the shapefiles from ‘Bedmachine’ [26] (downloaded from NSIDC, https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0756/versions/2) in QGIS ver. 3.22.7. Each input data file was saved as .csv files and imported individually into QGIS for: (1) all individual springtail occurrences (separated into each species), (2) geothermal sites (separated into large and small), (3) geochronological dated sites (separated into high refuge support, and low refuge support), and (4) eDNA signals of springtails. These data were then used to create figures 1 and 2 in the main manuscript, and for more detailed information in figures S1-S7 in Supplementary material the project file “QGIS_suppl_figs.qgz” can be used.

Sharing/access Information

Data collection. We focussed on ice-free terrain represented by 15 currently recognized Antarctic Conservation Biodiversity Regions (ACBRs) [1]; we do not include South Orkney Islands. We compiled all published occurrence records for all springtail species considered to be endemic or native from these 15 ACBRs [2-21] and from our own unpublished records. We obtained the ten geothermal sites used in the analyses by Fraser et al. [22] from their Table S6. We compiled the geochronological data from all known cosmogenic-nuclide data from Antarctica (https://www.ice-d.org/) and from publications which were used to scrutinise the datasets. Cosmogenic dating is uniquely suited to Antarctic environments [23], however, there are problematic samples and locations. We include a selection of cosmogenic datasets to represent sites which clearly (or potentially) delineate Last Glacial Maximum surface elevations, and reject datasets where results are inconclusive due to isotope inheritance or incomplete or inconclusive results. From the included datasets we divided cosmogenic sites into two categories based on the 100 km radius around each site (using the criteria from Fraser et al. [22]): (1) those that showed unequivocal endemism; and (2) those where the provenance was equivocal. Setting these criteria, and using springtails as a proxy, was critical to identifying regions where glacial refuges for the vast majority of biota were most likely to have occurred.

All published occurrence records for all springtail species considered to be endemic or native listed in the publication references list and from our own unpublished records.
We obtained ten geothermal sites used in the analyses by Fraser et al. [22] from their Table S6, see their Supplementary file.
Cosmogenic-nuclide data from Antarctica (https://www.ice-d.org/) and from publications listed in the publication.

References used in Supplementary material

1. Terauds A, Lee JR. 2016 Antarctic biogeography revisited: updating the Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions. Divers. Distrib. 22, 836–840. (doi:10.1111/ddi.12453)
2. Carpenter G. 1902 Aptera: Collembola, Insecta, chap 9. The report on the collections of natural history made in the Antarctic regions during the voyage of the Southern Cross. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp 221–223.
3. Baird HP, Janion-Scheepers C, Stevens MI, Leihy RI, Chown SL. 2019 The ecological biogeography of indigenous and introduced Antarctic springtails. J. Biogeogr. 46, 1959–1973. (doi:10.1111/jbi.13639)
4. Bowra GT, Holdgate MW, Tilbrook PJ. 1966 Biological investigations in Tottanfjella and central Heimefrontfjella. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 9, 63–70.
5. Collins GE, Hogg ID, Convey P, Barnes AD, McDonald IR. 2019 Spatial and temporal scales matter when assessing the species and genetic diversity of springtails (Collembola) in Antarctica. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7, 76. (doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00076)
6. Collins GE, Hogg ID, Convey P, Sancho LG, Cowan DA, Lyons WB, Adams BJ, Wall DH, Green TGA. 2020 Genetic diversity of soil invertebrates corroborates timing estimates for past collapses of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 22293–22302. (doi:10.1073/pnas.20079 25117)
7. Enríquez N, Tejedo P, Benayas J, Albertos B, Luciáñez MJ. 2018 Collembola of Barrientos Island, Antarctica: first census and assessment of environmental factors determining springtail distribution. Polar Biol. 41, 713–725. (doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2230-0)
8. Lee KL et al. 2019 Biotic interactions are an unexpected yet critical control on the complexity of an abiotically driven polar ecosystem. Commun. Biol. 2, 62. (doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0274-5)
9. McGaughran A, Terauds A, Convey P, Fraser CI. 2019 Genome-wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates. Mol. Ecol. 28, 4941–4957. (doi:10.1111/mec.15269)
10. McGaughran A, Stevens MI, Hogg ID, Carapelli A. 2011 Extreme Glacial Legacies: A Synthesis of the Antarctic Springtail Phylogeographic Record. Insects 2, 62–82. (doi:10.3390/insects2020062)
11. McGaughran A, Stevens MI, Holland B. 2010 Biogeography of circum-Antarctic springtails. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 57, 48–58. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.003)
12. Ohyama, Y, S. Hiruta. 1995. The Terrestrial Arthropods of Sør Rondane in Eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, with Biogeographical Notes. Polar Biol. 15, 341–347.
13. Stevens MI, Greenslade P, D’Haese CA. 2021 Species diversity in Friesea (Neanuridae) reveals similar biogeographic patterns among Antarctic Collembola. Zool. Scr. 50, 647–657. (doi:10.1111/zsc.12490)
14. Stevens MI, Greenslade P, Hogg ID, Sunnucks P. 2006 Examining Southern Hemisphere springtails: could any have survived glaciation of Antarctica? Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 874–882. (doi:10.1093/molbev/msj073)
15. Stevens MI, Hogg ID. 2002 Expanded distributional records of Collembola and Acari in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Pedobiologia 46, 485–496. (doi:10.1078/0031-4056-00154)
16. Stevens MI, D’Haese CA. 2014 Islands in ice: isolated populations of Cryptopygus sverdrupi (Collembola) among nunataks in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Biodiversity 15, 169–177 (doi:10.1080/14888386.2014.928791)
17. Willem V. 1901 Les Collemboles recueillis par l’Expedition Antarctique Belge. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique 45, 260–262.
18. Willem V. 1902 Collemboles Expédition Antarctique Belge Résultants du voyage du S. Y. Belgica 1897–1899. Rapports scientifique Zoologie 9, 1–19.
19. Wise KAJ. 1967 Collembola (Springtails). Antarct. Res. Ser. 10, 123–148. (doi:10.1029/AR010p0123)
20. Wise KAJ. 1971 The Collembola of Antarctica. Pac. Insects Monogr. 25, 57–74.
21. Wise KAJ, Gressitt JL. 1965 Far southern animals and plants. Nature 207, 101–102. (doi:10.1038/207101a0)
22. Fraser CI, Terauds A, Smellie J, Convey P, Chown SL. 2014 Geothermal activity helps life survive glacial cycles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 5634. (doi:10.1073/pnas.132143711)
23. Balco G. 2011 Contributions and unrealized potential contributions of cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology, 1990–2010. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3–27. (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.003)
24. Matsuoka K et al. 2021 Quantarctica, an integrated mapping environment for Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, and sub-Antarctic islands. Environ. Model. Softw. 140, 105015. (doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105015)
25. QGIS.org, 2022. QGIS 3.22.7 LTR. Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. (2022) http://www.qgis.org
26. Morlighem M. 2020 MEaSUREs BedMachine Antarctica, Version 2 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Date Accessed 09-16-2022. (doi:10.5067/E1QL9HFQ7A8M)
27. Czechowski P, de Lange M, Knapp M, Terauds A, Stevens MI. 2022 Antarctic biodiversity predictions through substrate qualities and environmental DNA. Front. Ecol. Environ. (doi:10.1002/fee.2560)