About the image files: Photographs (tif files) used for pigmentation trait measurements are placed in zip files with their respective DGRP strain# (RAL-#)(i.e., "Headless body images of Drosophila melanogaster_DGRP (RAL-208).zip").Tif files are named by their photograph IDs in "Miyagi et al_Appendix 1" (i.e., "RAL-208_2_3"), which indicate [DGRP strain]_[individual number]_[image number]. About the raw data file: Raw pigmentation scores measured from the images are in "Miyagi et al_Appendix 1". Imaging and scoring pigmentation traits (from Materials and Method, Miyagi et al.): Pigmentation intensities were measured in females at 3-6 days post-eclosion. Flies were placed in 10% glycerol in ethanol overnight at 4C. After removal of the head, legs and wings, the head-less bodies (thorax and abdomen) were stored in 10% glycerol in PBS for 1-3 days at 4C. Images of dorsal bodies were captured from the flies embedded in 10% glycerol/PBS using a digital camera (DP73, OLYMPUS) connected to a stereoscopic microscope (SZX16, OLYMPUS). All the images were captured under an identical parameters (exposure time, zoom width, and illumination) with the reference grayscale for digital cameras (Brightness = 128; ColorChecker, X-rite). White balance was corrected using the white scale (Brightness = 255; ColorChecker, X-rite) with CellSens standard 1.6 software (OLYMPUS). Images were captured using the RGB mode, and pigmentation was quantified using mode values (Brightness: 0-255). Pigmentation was measured using Image J software (Schneider et al. 2012) in four manually selected areas (indicated in Fig. 1B). In addition, posterior-anterior length of the A4 segment and that of the A4 pigmented stripe were measured. Percent dark-pigmented area was measured in females at 6?7 days post-eclosion. Flies were placed in 10% glycerol in ethanol overnight at 4C. After head and thorax were removed, abdomen was incubated in 10% KOH for 2h at 65C and was subsequently washed twice with 10% glycerol in PBS. Abdominal cuticle was flattened, cut, and mounted in Hoyerfs solution on a slide. Images were captured as described above. Dark-pigmented areas of A4, A5, and A6 (Fig. 1C) was extracted by setting the threshold to the midpoint brightness value between stripe and non-stripe regions (between peaks of bimodal pixel distribution, Fig. 1D), and measured using Image J software.