The files provide the data to reproduce the results in 'Distinct body-size responses to warming climate in three rodent species' by Ke et al., submitted to Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 1.Temporal_body_size_dataset.csv contains the body size (mass and length) measurements, weather variables, and demographic variables related to reproduction and population density during both the year of capture and the identified critical time window of three study species (Apodemus agrarius, Rattus tanezumi, and Rattus norvegicus) for the temporal analyses. A. agrarius were captured in Yuqing County, Guizhou Province (site Yuqing) from 1999 to 2018; and R. tanezumi and R. norvegicus were captured in Guanling County, Guizhou Province (site Guanling) from 1996 to 2018. 2.Spatial_body_size_dataset contains the body size (mass and length) measurements and weather variables for the spatial analyses. A. agrarius, R. tanezumi, and R. norvegicus were collected across China at 18, 27, and 38 county sites, respectively. Depending on the sampling site, individuals were trapped in 1 to 4 sampling years from 2015 to 2018. Details on sampling locations and sample sizes are provided in electronic supplementary material. 3.Dataset_climate_data.csv containing the weather variables for the study period at each monitoring site. 4.Body_size_change_data.csv containing the difference in body length or mass of individuals and the difference in the critical weather variable between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas. Note: We only provide the demographic variables and monthly temperature variables in the temporal dimension because we explored effects of the time-window length and timing of the critical weather variable and the demographic variables only in the temporal analysis. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Explanations on columns in datasheets: 1.Temporal_body_size_dataset.csv: column A: species name column B: ID number column C: sampling site code column D: Latitude (°N)of sampling site column E: Longitude (°E) of sampling site column F: year of sampling column G: centred year column H: sex column I: body mass in gram column J: body length in mm column K: stages classified based on previously reported body-mass criteria column L: mean ratio of females to males in the year of capture column M: mean ratio of males with prominent testicles to all males in the year of capture column N: trap rate in the year of capture column O: mean litter size of all pregnant females in the year of capture column P: mean ratio of pregnant females to all females in the year of capture column Q: mean ratio of females to males in the identified critical time window column R: mean litter size of all pregnant females in the identified critical time window column S: mean ratio of pregnant females to all females the identified critical time window column T: mean ratio of males with prominent testicles to all males in the identified critical time window columns U-AH: annual mean temperature (AnnMeanTemp), annual mean minimum temperature (AnnMinTemp), annual mean maximum temperature (AnnMaxTemp), minimum temperature of the coldest month (MinTempColdMth), maximum temperature of the warmest month (MaxTempWarmMth), annual total precipitation (AnnTPrecip), and annual mean relative humidity (AnnMeanRH) in both the year of capture and the year preceding capture (variables PreAnnMeanTemp, PreAnnMinTemp, PreAnnMaxTemp, PreMinTempColdMth, PreMaxTempWarmMth, PreAnnTPrecip, and PreAnnMeanRH). columns AI-DV: different time-window lengths for minimum temperature calculated stepwise increments of 2–6 months from January in the year preceding capture to December in the year of capture. 2.Spatial_body_size_dataset.csv Temporal_body_size_dataset.csv: column A: species name column B: ID number column C: sampling site code column D: year of sampling column E: sex column F: body mass in gram column G: body length in mm column H: stages classified based on previously reported body-mass criteria column I: Latitude (°N)of sampling site column J: Longitude (°E) of sampling site columns K-X: annual mean temperature (AnnMeanTemp), annual mean minimum temperature (AnnMinTemp), annual mean maximum temperature (AnnMaxTemp), minimum temperature of the coldest month (MinTempColdMth), maximum temperature of the warmest month (MaxTempWarmMth), annual total precipitation (AnnTPrecip), and annual mean relative humidity (AnnMeanRH) in both the year of capture and the year preceding capture (variables PreAnnMeanTemp, PreAnnMinTemp, PreAnnMaxTemp, PreMinTempColdMth, PreMaxTempWarmMth, PreAnnTPrecip, and PreAnnMeanRH). 3.Dataset_climate_data.csv: column A: sampling site code column B: Latitude (°N)of sampling site column C: Longitude (°E) of sampling site column D: year of sampling columns E-K: annual mean temperature (AnnMeanTemp), annual mean minimum temperature (AnnMinTemp), annual mean maximum temperature (AnnMaxTemp), minimum temperature of the coldest month (MinTempColdMth), maximum temperature of the warmest month (MaxTempWarmMth), annual total precipitation (AnnTPrecip), and annual mean relative humidity (AnnMeanRH) in the year of capture columns L-W: monthly mean minimum temperature (°C) from January to December. 4.Body_size_change_data.csv containing the difference in body length or mass of individuals and the difference in the critical weather variable between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas. column A: species name column B: sampling site code column C: sex column D: the difference in body length of individuals between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas (mm). column E: the difference in body mass of individuals between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas (g). column F: the difference in annual mean minimum temperature in the year preceding capture (PreAnnMinTemp_change) between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas. column G: the difference in minimum temperature of the coldest months in the year preceding capture (PreMinTempColdMth_change) between the site in their ancestral area and sites in the colonisation areas.