Species SocialMatingSystem Monopolization FemalesPerMaleInBreedingGroup MalesPerBreedingGroup SocialGroupSize MaleBodyMass(SSDDataset).in.g FemaleBodyMass(SSDDataset).in.g SexualSizeDimorphism MaleCanineHeight.in.mm FemaleCanineHeight.in.mm SexualCanineDimorphism MaleBodyMass(CanineDataset).in.g CombinedTestesMass.in.g MaleBodyMass(TestesDataset).in.g meanMaleBodyMass.in.g HeadFlesh HeadSkin HeadHair BodyFlesh BodySkin BodyHair BodyPelageDichrom GenitalFlesh GenitalSkin GenitalHair SexualOrnamentDimorphism (ExcludingDichromatism) SexualOrnamentDimorphism TotalOrnamentDimorphism(PreviouslyPublished) OrnamentDescription CladeForMale-specificOrnamentation Intra-cladeDavid'sScoreMale-specificOrnamentation References Comments Allenopithecus nigroviridis Multimale No 35 6130 3180 1.928 18.41 8.33 2.210 6130 16.96 5000 5753 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Male: bluish white scrotum (3) 1-5 Alouatta caraya Polygynous Yes 1 1 10.1 6420 4330 1.483 14.74 9.56 1.542 6420 18.37 6420 6420 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 8 Rust-red scrotum (2); male’s beard larger than female’s (1); Sexual dichromatism: male black, female golden/dark yellow (5) Alouattinae 5.583 2-4, 6-8 Alouatta guariba Polygynous Yes 6.5 6730 4350 1.547 13.98 5.78 2.419 6730 8.85 6700 6720 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 4.5 Male seems to have a slight beard (1); Sexual dichromatism: Male has darker pelage than female (3.5) Alouattinae -0.833 2-4, 6, 9 Testes mass from volume Alouatta palliata Multimale No 2.5 2 15.1 7150 5350 1.240 14.58 8.56 1.703 7030 24 5800 6660 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alouattinae -3.833 2-4, 6, 8, 10 Testes mass from volume Alouatta pigra Polygynous Yes 6.3 11400 6430 1.773 11.31 10.2 1.109 11400 12 7600 10133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alouattinae -2.917 2-4, 6, 10 Testes mass from volume Alouatta seniculus Polygynous Yes 1.16 1.5 7.9 6690 5210 1.284 13.54 9.25 1.464 6690 3.75 6700 6693 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 Long blackish beard (4) Alouattinae 2.000 2-4, 6, 8, 9 Testes mass from volume Aotus trivirgatus Monogamous No 1 1 2.9 813 736 1.105 5.34 4.81 1.110 813 1.2 1020 882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6, 8 Ateles geoffroyi Multimale No 31.9 7450 7640 1.067 11.51 7.29 1.579 7780 13.4 7940 7723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6 Ateles paniscus Multimale No 1.6 5 38.5 9110 8440 1.079 12.11 7.73 1.567 9110 64.23 9110 9110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 4, 8, 11, 12 Avahi laniger Monogamous No 1 2.5 1030 1320 0.780 3.58 3.79 0.945 1030 2.09 1300 1120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3-5, 11, 13 Brachyteles arachnoides Multimale No 9.8 18 9610 8070 1.191 9.47 7.09 1.336 9610 9610 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8 Cacajao calvus Multimale No 35.1 3450 2880 1.198 13.58 10.82 1.255 3450 5.8 3450 3450 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Both sexes lose the hair on the head, and the skin on the head and face reddens as they mature. However, the male’s bulging temporal muscles and other features make his red head appear visually more striking than that of the female (2) Pitheciinae 1.250 2-6 Callicebus moloch Monogamous No 1 1 3.5 1020 956 1.063 4.36 4.04 1.079 1020 1020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitheciinae -1.875 2-4, 6, 8 Callicebus torquatus Monogamous No 3.9 1280 1210 1.058 4.34 4.1 1.059 1280 1280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitheciinae 0.625 2.4, 6 Callithrix jacchus Multimale No 1 2.7 9.5 317 324 0.947 5.08 4.81 1.056 360 1.3 320 332 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8, 12 Callithrix penicillata Polyandrous No 9.5 344 307 1.097 5.4 5 1.080 340 1.08 300 328 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 14 Cebuella pygmaea Monogamous No 1.4 5.5 110 122 0.902 3.08 2.98 1.034 110 0.33 130 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6, 8 Cebus apella Multimale No 2 18 3650 2520 1.448 14.1 9.69 1.455 3650 9.1 4800 4033 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8, 12 Cebus capucinus Multimale No 3.7 5.5 16.4 3680 2540 1.449 14.25 9.01 1.582 3680 3680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8 Cebus olivaceus Polygynous Yes 1 21 3290 2520 1.306 14.35 9.12 1.573 3290 3290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2, 3, 6, 8, 15 Cercocebus torquatus Multimale No 21.8 11000 6200 1.722 23.53 9.53 2.469 9470 10235 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papionini -10.975 2, 3, 6, 15 Cercopithecus ascanius Polygynous Yes 1 28.7 3700 2920 1.267 16.13 10.3 1.566 3700 3 5360 4253 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus -9.900 2-6, 8 Cercopithecus cephus Polygynous Yes 6 4290 2880 1.490 16.32 9.59 1.702 4290 4290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus -17.600 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus diana Polygynous Yes 24.1 5200 3900 1.333 19.94 12.32 1.619 5200 5200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Male has a blue scrotum (3) Arboreal Cercophithecus 13.108 2-4, 6 Cercopithecus erythrogaster Polygynous Yes 6 4100 2400 1.708 16.67 9.42 1.770 4100 4100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus -8.067 1-4 Cercopithecus lhoesti Polygynous Yes 23.5 5970 3450 1.730 19.93 10.82 1.842 5970 5970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 Scrotum is light blue (4) Terrestrial Cercophithecus -0.500 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus mitis Polygynous Yes 3.7 1 23.9 7930 4250 1.866 19.47 10.5 1.854 7930 7930 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 Male genitals slightly bluish (2) Arboreal Cercophithecus -4.125 2-4, 6, 8 Cercopithecus mona Polygynous Yes 9.8 4768 3700 1.289 17.76 9.32 1.906 4770 4769 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus 3.392 2, 4, 6, 16 Cercopithecus neglectus Polygynous Yes 9.2 7350 4130 1.780 20.68 11.64 1.777 7350 7350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Male has a blue scrotum (3) Arboreal Cercophithecus 21.817 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus nictitans Polygynous Yes 12 6670 4260 1.566 18.1 11.22 1.613 6670 6670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus 1.008 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus petaurista Polygynous Yes 10.7 4400 2900 1.517 16.16 9.09 1.778 4400 4400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus -0.458 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus pogonias Polygynous Yes 11.7 4260 2900 1.469 16.22 9.28 1.748 4260 4260 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arboreal Cercophithecus -4.950 2.4, 6 Cercopithecus wolfi Polygynous Yes 12 3910 2870 1.362 18.06 9.59 1.883 3910 5.35 5380 4400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Male has a blue scrotum (3) Arboreal Cercophithecus 5.775 3, 4, 13, 17, 18 Cheirogaleus medius Polygynous Yes 1 5.5 283 282 1.000 3.75 3.98 0.942 280 1.12 220 261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 19 Chiropotes satanas Multimale No 32 2900 2580 1.124 11.09 9.6 1.155 2900 2900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitheciinae -0.625 2-4, 6 Chlorocebus aethiops Multimale No 1.4 3 28.9 4260 2980 1.430 17.66 9.76 1.809 5300 13 4950 4837 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 Male has a blue scrotum and red perineum and prepuce (3) Terrestrial Cercophithecus -1.333 3-5, 8, 11, 12 Chlorocebus pygerythrus Multimale No 21 4290 2730 1.571 20.4 12.02 1.697 4290 20.6 5290 4623 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 4 Male has red sex skin on penile shaft and blue on the scrotum (4) Terrestrial Cercophithecus 0.667 2, 3, 6, 20 Colobus angolensis Multimale No 2 81 9680 7570 1.279 17.66 9.57 1.845 9680 9680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 Tail not tufted in females (2) 2.4, 6 Colobus guereza Polygynous Yes 3 1 9 13500 9200 1.467 20.31 13.49 1.506 13500 3.447 10050 12350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8, 18 Colobus polykomos Multimale No 13.6 9900 8300 1.193 19.13 10.81 1.770 9900 10.7 10250 10017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6 Testes mass from volume Colobus satanas Multimale No 13.7 10420 7420 1.402 16.08 9.16 1.755 10400 10410 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2, 3, 6, 15 Testes mass from volume Erythrocebus patas Polygynous Yes 1.7 3 30 12400 6500 1.908 26.5 12.43 2.132 12400 7.2 13000 12600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 4 Blue scrotum and red anogenital field in male (lacking in female) (4) Terrestrial Cercophithecus 1.167 2-4, 6, 8, 12 Eulemur coronatus Multimale No 8.4 1690 1620 1.043 9.43 8.48 1.112 1690 6.96 1850 1743 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 Male mostly brown, female mostly grey pelage (1); male black crown on head (3) Lemuridae 1.750 3, 4, 11, 13, 21 Eulemur fulvus Multimale No 1.2 3.8 9.2 2180 2250 1.000 11.87 10.09 1.176 2400 20.489 2130 2237 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lemuridae -5.833 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 21 Testes mass from volume Eulemur macaco Multimale No 3.2 8.4 2370 2510 0.964 10.58 10.34 1.023 2400 16.65 2500 2423 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 Male black, female mostly brown (5) Lemuridae 5.250 3, 4, 8, 11-12 Eulemur mongoz Monogamous No 1 1 3.5 1630 1610 1.012 9.63 8.06 1.195 1680 12.25 1660 1657 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 Male brown throat band (female with white throat) (4) Lemuridae 0.000 3, 4, 8, 11-12 Eulemur rubriventer Monogamous No 1 3.2 1980 1940 1.021 10.49 9.98 1.051 1980 1.76 2512 2157 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 White face mask (4) Lemuridae 1.667 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 21 Testes mass from volume Gorilla beringei Polygynous Yes 2 10.2 162500 97500 1.670 30.1 16.63 1.810 162500 28.96 164660 163220 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 10 Mature male has white saddle of hair on back: females lack this (5). Male has a pad of fibrous/fatty tissue on top of the head: lacking in female (5). Hominidae 1.833 1-3, 8, 20, 22 Gorilla gorilla Polygynous Yes 1.8 11.1 170400 71500 2.383 30.26 17.4 1.739 170400 29.6 169000 169933 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 10 Mature male has white saddle of hair on back: females lack this (5). Male has a pad of fibrous/fatty tissue on top of the head: lacking in female (5). Hominidae 1.833 1-4, 8, 12 Hapalemur griseus Monogamous No 1.3 2.6 987 903 1.119 5.94 5.91 1.005 750 2.1 1094 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lemuridae -11.667 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 21 Homo sapiens Polygynous No 490 72100 62100 1.161 10.85 9.97 1.088 72100 40.5 66825 70342 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 10 Beard is highly sexually dimorphic (5). Male pattern baldness (some men only) (2.5). Body hair generally greater in men than women ( 2.5) Hominidae 4.000 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 23 Hylobates klossii Monogamous No 1 4.3 5670 5920 0.958 16.06 16.62 0.966 5670 5670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hylobatidae -5.333 1-4 Hylobates lar Monogamous No 1 1 4.4 5900 5340 1.105 18.32 15.79 1.160 5900 5.5 5500 5767 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hylobatidae -5.333 1-4, 8, 12 Hylobates muelleri Monogamous No 3.4 1.067 19.6 18.6 1.054 5710 5710 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Male has incomplete face ring of hair (2) Hylobatidae 1.000 1-3, 24 Hylobates pileatus Monogamous No 4 5500 5440 1.011 16.75 16.87 0.993 5500 5500 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 4 11.5 White pubic tuft in males (2.5); Sexual dichromatism: male black, female silvery/buff (5). Note: male colour change at puberty. Male has thick white brows; female has black cheeks and no white brows (4) Hylobatidae 4.333 1-4 Lagothrix lagotricha Multimale No 3.3 31.8 7280 7020 1.037 14.23 8.04 1.770 7280 11.2 5220 6593 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6, 8 Lemur catta Multimale No 1.1 4.5 15.3 2210 2210 1.000 10.86 9.16 1.186 2210 17.8 2700 2373 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lemuridae 9.333 3, 4, 8, 11-13 Lophocebus albigena Multimale No 5 16.1 8250 6020 1.370 19.14 8.75 2.187 8250 8250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papionini -18.733 2-4, 6, 8 Macaca fascicularis Multimale No 4 23.5 5360 3590 1.493 24.09 10.67 2.258 5360 35.2 4420 5047 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 Male has more prominent cheek hair (‘whiskers’) than female (3) 1-5, 8 Macaca fuscata Multimale No 3 45.6 11000 8030 1.370 19.56 9.59 2.040 11000 72.3 15400 12467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8, 12 Macaca mulatta Multimale No 3.1 2.5 39.2 11000 8800 1.250 16.97 8.19 2.072 11000 46 9200 10400 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Male face is redder than female face (1) 1, 3-5, 8, 13 Ornamentation equalled 0 in Grueter et al. (2015) Macaca nemestrina Multimale No 3 3 48 11200 6500 1.723 28.89 12.24 2.360 11200 66.7 9980 10793 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-5, 8 Macaca nigra Multimale No 36.7 9890 5470 1.808 29.73 11.38 2.612 9890 10600 10127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4, 25 Macaca silenus Polygynous Yes 1.8 19 8900 6100 1.459 24.66 10.12 2.437 8900 42 5900 7900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4, 8, 12 Macaca sinica Multimale No 5 22.7 5680 3200 1.775 19.69 9.96 1.977 5680 5680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4, 8 Macaca sylvanus Multimale No 1.9 9 33.1 16000 11000 1.455 22.81 11.29 2.020 16000 16000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4, 8 Macaca tonkeana Multimale No 10 14900 9000 1.656 24.66 12.72 1.939 14900 14900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4 Mandrillus leucophaeus Multimale No 58 17500 12500 1.400 47.97 11.7 4.100 17500 27.3 28500 21167 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 7 24.5 Dominant males have red sex skin on lower lip/chin (3.5), scalp/nuchal crest (3.5), prominent black face mask, fringed with white (4), boney paranasal swellings (5), shoulder ‘mane’ of hair (4), red/blue/violet rump and genital sex skin (4.5) Papionini 12.125 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 Mandrillus sphinx Multimale No 481.8 31600 12900 2.450 49.58 9.42 5.263 31600 58.86 26900 30033 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 8 8 32 Dominant males have pronounced red and blue facial sexual skin (5), large boney paranasal swellings (5), a larger beard than the female (3.5), scalp and nuchal crest of hair (3.5), shoulder ‘mane’ of hair (4), epigastric fringe of white hair (3), red/ blue/ violet rump and genital sex skin (4.5), pronounced ‘fatting’ of rump, accentuating its size (3.5) Papionini 22.269 2-4, 6, 12 Miopithecus talapoin Multimale No 1.5 13 64 1380 1120 1.232 11.35 6.7 1.694 1380 5.2 1250 1337 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 4 Male: blue scrotum and triangular perineal field, contrasting with the female’s pink sexual skin swelling (4) 2-6, 8 Nasalis larvatus Polygynous No 3.4 30 20400 9820 2.077 22.96 10.42 2.203 20400 13.8 2155 14318 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 9 Adult male has a large, pendulous nose: Female has a small nose (5). Male: genitalia red (penis) and black (scrotum) in contrast to female (4). 2-5 Nomascus concolor Monogamous No 1 4 7790 7620 1.022 19.11 16.98 1.125 7790 7790 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 Sexual dichromatism: male is black, female varies in subspecies, and may be black, brown, buff, or grey (4) Hylobatidae -0.750 1-4 Pan paniscus Multimale No 8 30.5 45000 33200 1.355 15.56 11.24 1.384 45000 135.2 39100 43033 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hominidae -9.333 1-4, 8, 12 Pan troglodytes Multimale No 1 10 47.8 59700 45800 1.303 21.72 15.26 1.423 59700 128.9 44670 54690 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hominidae -9.333 1-5, 7, 8 Papio anubis Multimale No 2 14 49.3 25100 13300 1.887 35.43 15.95 2.221 25100 78.42 26400 25533 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 Mane more prominent in males (4) Papionini -14.708 2-4, 6-8 Papio cynocephalus Multimale No 1.3 8 55.3 21800 12300 1.772 27.39 9.12 3.003 21800 52 24320 22640 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Poorly developed mane in males (2) Papionini -14.133 2-4, 6-8 Papio hamadryas Polygynous No 1.9 1 85.6 21000 11400 1.842 30.64 11.17 2.743 21000 27.1 20170 20723 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 5 5 13 Male has long silver shoulder ‘cape’ of hair; female lacks this (5). Male has long silvery hair on sides of head; female lacks this (5). Male has red sex skin on rump, which is said to resemble that of the female, but which differs in its morphology from the female’s swelling (3) Papionini 14.217 2-6, 8 Papio ursinus Multimale Yes 2 7 48.7 29800 14800 2.014 46.53 12.12 3.839 29800 69.76 26075 28558 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Poorly developed mane in males (2) Papionini -3.775 2-8 Piliocolobus badius Multimale No 2.5 8 34.1 8360 8210 1.018 13.31 8.55 1.557 8360 8360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8 Pithecia pithecia Monogamous No 4.6 1940 1580 1.228 8.9 7.58 1.174 1940 0.92 1600 1827 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 22 Sexual dichromatism: male has a white face mask (5) and black pelage (5); these traits are lacking in females Pitheciinae 0.625 2-6 Pongo abelii 1.6 77900 35600 2.188 28 16.37 1.710 77900 77900 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 18 Same as Bornean species, except that the fatty hump on the head is lacking. Hominidae 3.750 1-4 Pongo pygmaeus 9 1.2 78500 35800 2.193 27 15.95 1.693 78500 35.3 74640 77213 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 10 Male has huge cheek flanges (5). Male’s beard is much larger than female’s (4). Male has a fatty/fibrous hump on top of head (4). Male has a pendulous throat sac (actually a laryngeal sac); vestigial in female (4). Male has much longer hair on shoulders and body, accentuating his size (5). Hominidae 7.250 1-4, 8, 12 Presbytis comata Polygynous Yes 6.8 6680 6710 0.996 13.92 9.23 1.508 6680 6680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4 Presbytis melalophos Multimale No 14.5 6590 6470 1.019 13.95 8.15 1.712 6590 6590 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4 Procolobus verus Polygynous Yes 7.8 4700 4200 1.119 14.9 7.43 2.005 4700 4700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6 Propithecus verreauxi Multimale No 1.7 2.5 6 3250 2950 1.102 8.41 7.93 1.061 3250 3.24 578 2359 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13 Pygathrix nemaeus Multimale No 15.8 11000 8440 1.303 16.06 7.62 2.108 11000 8.4 18560 13520 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Penis is pink and pubic area reddish (3) 2-4 Rhinopithecus avunculus Polygynous Yes 80 1.650 17.5 8.8 1.989 14025 14025 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 3 5 Male body fur slightly fuller (1); a hint of light blue in male testes (1); Longer corkscrew hair on male tail (1); male has a more fully developed ruff around face (2) 2, 24 Rhinopithecus roxellana Polygynous OR Multimale Yes OR No 215 17900 11600 1.543 20.06 8 2.508 17900 17900 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 Adult male has large, striking ‘lip-warts’ on upper lip at mouth corners; these are rudimentary/ lacking in adult females (5). Male has longer hair on shoulders than female (3) 2-4 Saguinus fuscicollis Monogamous No 1.9 6 343 358 0.958 5.66 5.58 1.014 343 1.53 400 362 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 6, 8, 12 Saguinus midas Polyandrous No 5.8 515 575 0.897 5.37 5.42 0.991 520 1.83 570 535 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-5 Saguinus oedipus Polyandrous No 2 6 418 404 1.035 5.65 5.65 1.000 418 3.4 520 452 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-6, 8 Saimiri boliviensis Multimale No 2.6 60 911 711 1.281 6.65 4.12 1.614 911 1020 947 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 4, 6, 13, 26 Ornamentation changed to 0 compared to Grueter et al. (2015), see supplementary description for justification Saimiri oerstedii Multimale No 10 50 897 680 1.319 7.38 4.5 1.640 897 897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 8, 13, 15 Ornamentation changed to 0 compared to Grueter et al. (2015), see supplementary description for justification Saimiri sciureus Multimale No 7 32.5 779 662 1.177 7.1 5.02 1.414 779 3.2 780 779 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, 5, 8, 13, 15 Ornamentation changed to 0 compared to Grueter et al. (2015), see supplementary description for justification Semnopithecus entellus Multimale No 3 6 20.6 13000 9890 1.314 18.44 10.83 1.703 13000 11.1 17000 14333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-5, 8 Symphalangus syndactylus Monogamous No 1 3.6 11900 10700 1.112 21.45 18.04 1.189 11900 11.95 12270 12023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3.5 Male has a long, prominent black preputial tuft, resembling a short tail (score 3.5). Hylobatidae 6.083 1-4, 12 Theropithecus gelada Polygynous No 3.7 1 156.2 19000 11700 1.624 39.62 12.27 3.229 19000 19.3 20400 19467 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 13 Male has long cape of shoulder hair, lacking in female (5). Male has long hair on top and sides of head, lacking in female (5). Male has an hourglass-shaped patch of red chest skin; female’s chest patch is morphologically different, with a fringe of small whitish vesicles (3) Papionini 13.714 2-8 Trachypithecus cristatus Polygynous Yes 26 6610 5760 1.148 18.57 10.94 1.697 6610 6.3 7000 6740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-4, 27 Trachypithecus francoisi Polygynous Yes 8.7 7700 7350 1.048 17.91 10.42 1.719 7700 3.98 7450 7617 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 18 Trachypithecus obscurus Multimale No 17 7900 6260 1.262 15.44 8.51 1.814 7330 5.82 7390 7540 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4, 28 Trachypithecus pileatus Polygynous Yes 8.1 12000 9860 1.217 19.85 10.52 1.887 12000 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4 Trachypithecus vetulus Polygynous Yes 12 8170 5900 1.385 16.96 9.34 1.816 8170 8170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-4