This dataset contains the raw data for all experiments included in the manuscript "Rapid evolution of seed dormancy during sunflower de-domestication" Details for: data_dryad.xlsx This file is an spreadsheat file with four tabs (SSR_genealex, competition experiment, germination experiment, herbicide response experiment). Row data for each experiment is included in their corresponding tab. SSR_genealex: genotypes of the 76 individuals used in the study. Individuals are labelled by populations as in the manuscript. For each marker, two columns represent the two alleles, and missing data as denoted as 0. competition experiment: Values for the 18 phenotypic variables registered in 41 individuals. Individuals are labelled by populations as in the manuscript and the treatment and replicate are indicated. Variables Plant height_1: in cm, measured 13 days after sowing Leaf length_1: in cm, measured 13 days after sowing Leaf width_1: in cm, measured 13 days after sowing length*width_1: in cm2, estimated as Leaf length_1*Leaf width_1 Plant height_2: in cm, measured 17 days after sowing Leaf length_2: in cm, measured 17 days after sowing Leaf width_2: in cm, measured 17 days after sowing length*width_2: in cm2, estimated as Leaf length_2*Leaf width_2 Plant height_3: in cm, measured 22 days after sowing Leaf length_3: in cm, measured 22 days after sowing Leaf width_3: in cm, measured 22 days after sowing length*width_3: in cm2, estimated as Leaf length_3*Leaf width_3 Plant height_4: in cm, measured 30 days after sowing Leaf length_4: in cm, measured 30 days after sowing Leaf width_4: in cm, measured 30 days after sowing length*width_4: in cm2, estimated as Leaf length_4*Leaf width_4 maize biomass (g): biomass of all maize plants of the pot (1 for treatment 2 and 3 for treatment 3) sunflower biomass (g): biomass of individuals sunflower plants 30 days after sowing germination experiment: germination was evaluated at 2 different times: 2 months (Time 1) and 8 months (Time 2) after harvest, and at 3 constant temperatures (10, 20, and 30 °C). After harvest, seeds were stored in tri-laminar aluminum bags to protect the seeds from humidity, at room temperature (25 °C) for 2 months (T1). Then, seeds were placed in a growth chamber at 5 °C for 6 months (T2). Four replicates of 25 seeds per population and treatment were placed on filter paper in petri dishes and moistened with distilled water, with a 12-h photoperiod and they were counted periodically at 2- to 3-day intervals for 16 days. Replicates were arranged in 4 complete blocks (a rack of the growth chamber). Experiment: seeds produced in 2017 (1) or 2018 (2) Time: two times after harvest, 2 months (1) and 8 months (2) Population: Four populations (BAR, BRW, DIA, and RCU) collected 10 years apart from the same site Year: year of collection for each population (2007 or 2017) Block: corresponding to racks of the growth chamber Temperature: constant temperatures during incubation (10°C, 20°C, or 30°C) herbicide response experiment: to evaluate herbicide resistance in BRW, the response of BRW07 and BRW17 to imazapyr (an AHAS-inhibiting herbicide). The progeny of one herbicide-resistant cultivar (Cacique CL, hereafter IMI) and a known susceptible population (BAR) were included as resistant and susceptible controls, respectively. For the screening, plants were established by sowing pre-germinated seeds in 200-cell plastic trays (50 cc per cell) in a complete randomized design with 3 replicates of 17 (BAR and IMI) or 45 (BRW07and BRW07) plants, totaling 372 plants. At the 2-leaf stage, imazapyr was applied at 1.2X the recommended rate (X = 210 mL ha−1) and the survival rate was recorded 18 and 35 days after herbicide application. Based on survival rate, populations were qualitatively classified as resistant or susceptible to the herbicide. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at 20–25 °C, from sowing to the end of the experiment.