RefID,PairID,Blind,DOI,Title,Research question (chosen by LH after reading the blind paper),Contrary to prediction?,Synopsis of result,g,CI-,CI+,var(g),Sample size ref1a,1,0,10.1016/j.beproc.2010.01.012,Self-grooming induced by sexual chemical signals in male root voles (Microtus oeconomus Pallas),Do voles self-groom after exposure to conspecific odours?,No,males self groom more when exposed to the odour of lactating females versus non lactating females,1.57,0.55,2.72,0.27,20 ref1b,1,1,10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00725.x,Self Grooming as a Tactic Used by Prairie Voles Microtus ochrogaster to Enhance Sexual Communication,Do voles self-groom after exposure to conspecific odours?,No,males self groom more when exposed to clean bedding than female bedding,1.53,0.73,2.34,0.16,NA ref2a,2,1,10.1007/s00265-013-1637-z,Testosterone increases siblicidal aggression in black-legged kittiwake chicks (Rissa tridactyla),Does testosterone supplementation affect aggressive behaviors in seabird chicks?,No,testosterone implanted chicks pecked dummies more,1.19,0.25,2.13,0.2,NA ref2b,2,0,10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.02.009,The hormonal control of begging and early aggressive behavior: experiments in black-headed gull chicks,Does testosterone supplementation affect aggressive behaviors in seabird chicks?,No,testosterone treated chicks are more aggressive than control,1.93,0.37,3.49,0.48,11 ref4a,4,0,10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.038,Does behavioural fever occur in snails parasitised with trematode larvae?,Do parasitised snails have different behaviour?,No,infected snails had a lower thermal preference than noninfected snails,0.46,0.2,0.71,0.02,NA ref4b,4,1,10.1139/z99-194,An examination of the manipulation hypothesis to explain prevalence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in gastropod intermediate host populations,Do parasitised snails have different behaviour?,No,noninfected snails climbed higher than infected snails,0.073,-0.661,0.86,0.114,60 ref5a,5,0,10.1023/A:1015296928423,"Potential use of chemical cues for colony-mate recognition in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus",Do bats preferentially associate with conspecific odours based on roost-mate status?,No,bats more often chose the side with females from their own roost than another roost,1.28,0.86,1.7,0.04,127 ref5b,5,1,10.1017/S0952836901000607,"Sex discrimination and roostmate recognition by olfactory cues in the African bats, Mops condylurus and Chaerephon pumilus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)",Do bats preferentially associate with conspecific odours based on roost-mate status?,No,females spent more time with females from their own roost than females from another roost,0.23,-0.41,0.88,0.1,20 ref6a,6,1,10.1080/12265071.2001.9647645,Olfactory and sexual attractiveness of western mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) exposed to the commonly used insecticide endosulfan,Does pesticide treatment affect poecilid sexual attractiveness?,No,fewer copulations in pesticide treatment,0.175,-0.575,0.93,0.135,NA ref6b,6,0,10.1006/eesa.2000.1985,Sexual Characteristics Are Altered by 4-tert-Octylphenol and 17 _-Estradiol in the Adult Male Guppy (Poecilia reticulata),Does pesticide treatment affect poecilid sexual attractiveness?,No,colouration lower in pesticides,1.35,0.53,2.18,0.17,60 ref7a,7,1,10.1002/dev.10076,Maternal behavior changes after immune challenge of neonates with developmental effects on adult social behavior,Does early life immune challenge affect adult social behavior in mice?,No,mice injected with endo toxin had greater behavioural immobility than controls,0.023,-0.637,0.69,0.103,NA ref7b,7,0,10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.293,Neonatal infection induces memory impairments following an immune challenge in adulthood.,Does early life immune challenge affect adult social behavior in mice?,No,fewer rats froze when injected with E.coli ,0.15,-1.36,1.66,0.38,NA ref8a,8,1,10.1098/rsbl.2004.0162,Kin recognition in rattlesnakes,Do female rattlesnakes preferentially associate with their kin?,No,snakes rested further away from nonkin compared to kin,0.43,-0.415,1.275,0.17,24 ref8b,8,0,10.1007/s002650050446,Kin recognition in the common lizard,Do female rattlesnakes preferentially associate with their kin?,No,were more likely to choose shelter with smell of sibling (ns),0.05,-0.61,0.71,0.11,37 ref9a,9,1,10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00835.x,Phonology and geographic song discrimination in song sparrows,Do birds differentially respond to calls of conspecifics from other geographic locales?,No,males went closer to speaker playing conspecific,0.51,-0.33,1.34,0.16,12 ref9b,9,0,10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0750:GSVAIC]2.0.CO;2,Geographic song variation and its consequences in the Golden Bowerbird,Do birds differentially respond to calls of conspecifics from other geographic locales?,No,males went closer to speaker playing local male,1.04,0.23,1.85,0.15,28 ref10a,10,1,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01338.x,Food Deprivation Suppresses a Preference for the Top_Scent Mark of an Over_Mark in Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus),Do voles prefer over-mark odours?,No,preferred overmark,2.01,1.11,2.91,0.19,NA ref10b,10,0,10.1007/s10071-004-0244-9,"Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, can distinguish more over-marks from fewer over-marks (experiment 1)",Do voles prefer over-mark odours?,No,preferred overmark,1.23,0.25,2.22,0.22,10 ref11a,11,0,10.1098/rspb.2000.1287,Induced pigmentation in zooplankton: a trade_off between threats from predation and ultraviolet radiation,Do copepods reduce carotenoid pigmentation upon exposure to predator kairomones?,No,high predator exposure reduced carotenoid pigmentation,0.85,-0.09,1.79,0.2,16 ref11b,11,1,10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00903.x,Costly carotenoids: a trade-off between predation and infection risk?,Do copepods reduce carotenoid pigmentation upon exposure to predator kairomones?,No,more copepods decreased carotenoids when exposed to predators,0.47,0.13,0.8,0.03,145 ref13a,13,1,10.1002/dev.20342,The influence of natural variations in maternal care on play fighting in the rat,Does amount of maternal care affect the amount of play fighting in rat pups?,"Yes - the introduction states that stressing the mother decreases play behaviour in the young. The authors show that offspring that receive less maternal care are MORE playful, not less ","Low maternal care had pups with higher play fighting (for males, not females)",-0.81,-1.505,-0.105,0.12,72 ref13b,13,0,10.1002/dev.10069,Effects of neonatal handling and maternal separation on rough-and-tumble play in the rat,Does amount of maternal care affect the amount of play fighting in rat pups?,No,Low maternal care had pups with lower (ns) play fighting,0.04,-0.577,0.653,0.093,NA ref14a,14,0,10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.029,A manipulative parasite increasing an antipredator response decreases its vulnerability to a nonhost predator,Do infected gammarids differentially respond to predator kairomones?,No,more time in refuge when predator scent present,0.775,0.12,1.435,0.105,80 ref14b,14,1,10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.005,Increased susceptibility to predation and altered anti-predator behaviour in an acanthocephalan-infected amphipod,Do infected gammarids differentially respond to predator kairomones?,No,more time in refuge when predator present,0.655,-0.43,1.735,0.255,32 ref15a,15,0,10.1007/BF01012259,Disruption of web structure and predatory behavior of a spider by plant-derived chemical defenses of an aposematic aphid,Do spiders alter behavior after exposure to aposematic prey?,No,spiders exposed to toxic prey took longer to attack subsequent prey,0.48,-0.61,1.56,0.25,7 ref15b,15,1,10.1093/beheco/ari094,Jumping spiders attend to context during learned avoidance of aposematic prey,Do spiders alter behavior after exposure to aposematic prey?,No,Spider rate of attack lower after fed unpalatable bugs,1.4,0.61,2.19,0.15,32 ref16a,16,0,10.1098/rspb.2004.3004,MHC odours are not required or sufficient for recognition of individual scent owners,Can mice recognise urine independently of MHC genotype?,No,investigated own urine less than urine with same genetic background as neighbour,0.89,0.32,1.47,0.08,26 ref16b,16,1,10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.007,The genetic basis of individual-recognition signals in the mouse,Can mice recognise urine independently of MHC genotype?,No,When scent markers had identical MHC but different MUP females preferred the odour of the counter scent marker as predicted,0.58,-0.06,1.22,0.1,20 ref17a,17,1,10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.014,Effects of androgens on behavioral and vomeronasal responses to chemosensory cues in male terrestrial salamanders (Plethodon shermani),Do androgens affect brain structure?,No,Elevated TP-IMP males had longer cirri,0.68,-0.11,1.47,0.15,27 ref17b,17,0,10.1073/pnas.96.13.7538,A brain sexual dimorphism controlled by adult circulating androgens,Do androgens affect brain structure?,No,Injection with T led to larger neural soma,2.32,0.25,4.39,0.71,24 ref18a,18,1,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01494.x,Innate and learned predator recognition mediated by chemical signals in Eurycea nana,Can amphibians learn to recognise predator kairomones?,"Yes - ""Interestingly, predator-na«ve E. nana decreased activity in response to the non-native fish predator while predator-experienced E. nana did not"". If anything, the experienced animals should have been able to recognise the introduced predator better than the naive animals could",Predator experienced fish had greater activity in the presence of a native predator than did predator na«ve fish,-0.54,-1.28,0.2,0.13,NA ref18b,18,0,"Behaviour 2006, vol. 143 (7), pp. 877-889","Responses of American toad tadpoles to predation cues: behavioural response thresholds, threat-sensitivity and acquired predation recognition",Can amphibians learn to recognise predator kairomones?,No,experienced toads decreased their activity more than na«ve toads in response to a predator cue,5.26,3.3,7.23,0.88,NA ref19a,19,0,10.1038/nature02845,Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males,Do male voles respond to rival male odours?,No,male voles increase sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male,1.19,0.21,2.18,0.02,10 ref19b,19,1,10.1163/000579511X584375,The presence and number of male competitor's scent marks and female reproductive state affect the response of male meadow voles to female conspecifics' odours,Do male voles respond to rival male odours?,No,males spent less time investigating female scent when male scent also present,0.28,-0.54,1.1,0.16,NA ref20a,20,0,10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.07.008,Individual aggressiveness in the crab Chasmagnathus: Influence in fight outcome and modulation by serotonin and octopamine,Does injection of serotonin affect fighting in crustacea?,No,males injected with seratonin had greater total interaction time than those injected with saline,0.31,0.18,0.43,0.02,126 ref20b,20,1,PNAS 1999 94(11): 5939-5942,Serotonin and aggressive motivation in crustaceans: altering the decision to retreat,Does injection of serotonin affect fighting in crustacea?,No,Fight intensity increased once injected with seratonin,0.4,-0.25,1.05,0.1,NA ref21a,21,0,"J. Chem. Ecol. 1997, 23 (4) 1163-1173 ",Reactions of Gammarus lacustris to chemical stimuli from natural predators and injured conspecifics,Does exposure to injured conspecific odour affect behaviour in caddisflies?,No,decreased activity when exposed to injured conspecific odour compared to control,1.29,0.67,1.9,0.09,NA ref21b,21,1,10.1139/Z09-091,Behavioral avoidance of injured conspecific and predatory chemical stimuli by larvae of the aquatic caddisfly Hesperophylax occidentalis,Does exposure to injured conspecific odour affect behaviour in caddisflies?,No,Took longer to emerge when presented with injured conspecific compared to control,0.85,0.19,1.51,0.11,40 ref23a,23,0,10.1098/rspb.2004.2825,Female blue tits adjust parental effort to manipulated male UV attractiveness,Do bluetit males invest less in care when their mate's UV plumage is experimentally worsened?,No,fed less with UV reduced females,1.27,0.37,2.17,0.19,NA ref23b,23,1,10.1186/1742-9994-9-14,Female attractiveness affects paternal investment: experimental evidence for male differential allocation in blue tits,Do bluetit males invest less in care when their mate's UV plumage is experimentally worsened?,No,fed less with UV reduced females,1.24,0.41,2.06,0.16,30 ref24a,24,0,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01004.x,Predation risk avoidance by terrestrial amphibians: the role of prey experience and vulnerability to native and exotic predators,Do larval salamanders differentially respond to odours from native and introduced predators?,Yes - animals were predicted to show more avoidance of the native predator than the introduced one,salamanders spend NS more time on the side of the arena with native predator than introduced predator,-0.05,-0.67,0.58,0.1,NA ref24b,24,1,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01718.x,Innate predator recognition and the problem of introduced trout,Do larval salamanders differentially respond to odours from native and introduced predators?,No,salamanders take longer to move in the presence of native predator than introduced predator odour,0.82,0.32,1.32,0.06,NA ref25a,25,0,10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00805.x,Multiple mating influences offspring size in guppies,Does polyandry affect offspring size?,No,females mating with the same male multiply had smaller offspring than those mating with multiple males,0.75,0.11,1.38,0.1,42 ref25b,25,1,10.1007/s00227-007-0861-3,Multiple mating affects offspring size in the opisthobranch Chelidonura sandrana,Does polyandry affect offspring size?,No,snails inseminated with sperm of same male multiple times had smaller offspring than those inseminated by multiple males,0.35,-0.12,0.82,0.06,72 ref26a,26,0,10.1007/s00442-003-1268-6,Sex-biased movement in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata),Do males or females move through the environment more in a goby?,No,a higher proportion of males were captured outside release site,0.89,0.47,1.31,0.05,NA ref26b,26,1,10.1007/s00265-011-1233-z,Laboratory and field evidence of sex-biased movement in the invasive round goby,Do males or females move through the environment more in a goby?,No,females travelled further per week than males,0.46,0.14,0.78,0.03,167 ref27a,27,0,10.3758/BF03199141,A comparison of the aversive and female attractant properties of urine from dominant and subordinate male mice,Do beavers distinguish between the odours of dominants and subordinants?,No,males spend more time in the side of the tank with subordinate males than dominant males,1.64,0.91,2.37,0.13,NA ref27b,27,1,10.1007/s00265-013-1512-y,The smell of desperadoes? Beavers distinguish between dominant and subordinate intruders,Do beavers distinguish between the odours of dominants and subordinants?,No,males spend more time sniffing subordinate male small than dominant male smell,0.54,-0.29,1.38,0.16,NA ref28a,28,0,10.1016/S1011-1344(97)00104-8,Effect of UV-B radiation on goblet cells in the skin of different fish species,Does UVR affect fish skin histology?,No,number of goblet cells is greater in lower (control) UVR than higher UVR,1.1575,0.2225,2.0925,0.205,NA ref28b,28,1,10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01829.x,"The effects of ultraviolet radiation on a freshwater prey fish: physiological stress response, club cell investment, and alarm cue production",Does UVR affect fish skin histology?,No,number of epidermal cells is greater in UV filtered versus unfiltered,1.56,0.64,2.48,0.2,NA ref29a,29,0,10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.012,Sound source segregation in grey treefrogs: spatial release from masking by the sound of a chorus,Does the degree of spatial separation of noise affect latency of frog phonotaxis?,No,lower phonotaxis score for low spatial separation versus high spatial segregation,1.06,0.33,1.79,0.13,67 ref29b,29,1,10.1016/j.heares.2012.01.003,Spatial release from masking in a free-field source identification task by gray treefrogs,Does the degree of spatial separation of noise affect latency of frog phonotaxis?,No,higher signal recognition score for low spatial separation than high spatial separation,0.76,0.28,1.24,0.06,60 ref30a,30,1,10.1007/s00265-010-1051-8,Differential effects of offspring condition-dependent signals on maternal care regulation in the European earwig,Do chemical cues of offspring quality affect maternal provisioning? ,No,more mouth to mouth contacts toward low food offspring than high food offspring,0.39,-0.13,0.9,0.07,91 ref30b,30,0,10.1098/rspb.2009.0498,A chemical signal of offspring quality affects maternal care in a social insect,Do chemical cues of offspring quality affect maternal provisioning? ,No,greater proportion of high food offspring had green guts than low food offspring,0.93,0.2,1.66,0.13,NA ref31a,31,0,10.1007/s002650100317,Female mate choice in the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) in three experimental environments,Does noise affect mate choice?,No,birds were better at discriminating between songs in low noise environments than high noise,1.2,0.19,2.22,0.24,31 ref31b,31,1,10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.004,High levels of environmental noise erode pair preferences in zebra finches: implications for noise pollution,Does noise affect mate choice?,No,female showed higher preference in no noise versus high noise envirnment,0.88,0.22,1.54,0.11,40 ref32a,32,1,10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.029,Early-life stress affects the behavioural and neural response of female song sparrows to conspecific song,Do females show differential attraction to putatively high quality and low quality male songs?,No,females performed more solicitation displays to high quality males songs than low quality songs,0.49,-0.71,1.7,0.29,6 ref32b,32,0,10.1098/rspb.2002.2192,Directional female preference for an exaggerated male trait in canary (Serinusanaria) song,Do females show differential attraction to putatively high quality and low quality male songs?,No,females performed more solicitation displays to high quality males songs than low quality songs,1.8,0.72,2.88,0.26,10 ref33a,33,0,10.1098/rspb.2008.0754,Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future,Can frog embryos learn predator cues?,No,frogs more active when exposed to predator and crushed conspecific smell versus just predator smell,2.097,1.19,3.003,0.197,NA ref33b,33,1,10.1093/beheco/arp135,Sophisticated early life lessons: threat-sensitive generalization of predator recognition by embryonic amphibians,Can frog embryos learn predator cues?,No,frogs more active when exposed to predator and crushed conspecific smell versus just predator smell,1.58,0.94,2.23,0.1,NA ref34a,34,1,10.1007/s00265-009-0870-y,The ghost of predation future: threat-sensitive and temporal assessment of risk by embryonic woodfrogs,Can frog embryos learn olfactory cues?,No,frogs exposed to crushed conspecifics smell decreased activity more than control frogs,1.4,0.83,1.97,0.08,NA ref34b,34,0,10.1080/02724999208250611,Embryonic olfactory learning in frogs,Can frog embryos learn olfactory cues?,No,frogs from eggs injected with smell more likely to choose stimulus,0.98,0.57,1.4,0.04,NA ref35a,35,1,10.1002/jwmg.487,Ontogenetic changes in innate immune function in captive and wild subspecies of prairie_chickens (Tympanuchus cupido spp.),Does captivity affect immunocompetence in birds?,No,immunoglobon levels are greater in wild birds than captive birds,1,0.2,1.8,0.15,NA ref35b,35,0,10.1007/s001140100250,"Body condition and immune response in wild zebra finches: effects of capture, confinement and captive-rearing",Does captivity affect immunocompetence in birds?,No,Leucocyte count is greater in wild birds than captive birds,5.46,4.67,6.24,0.16,NA ref36a,36,1,10.2108/zsj.29.67,Innate Predator Recognition in Giant Pandas,Is fear of predator odours innate?,No,sniffed predator urine more than nonpredator urine,0.813333333,-0.246666667,1.88,0.247,NA ref36b,36,0,10.1163/1568539042729694,Innate predator recognition in newly-hatched Atlantic salmon,Is fear of predator odours innate?,No,beat opercular more in high predation than low predation,0.49,0.07,0.91,0.05,NA ref37a,37,1,10.1111/eff.12081,Cichlids respond to conspecific sounds but females exhibit no phonotaxis without the presence of live males,Are female fish attracted to male sounds?,No,fish swam toward conspecific sound more often (NS) than white noise,0.14,-1.05,1.32,0.29,13 ref37b,37,0,10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80077-X,Sound production by males of a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus partitus): its significance to females,Are female fish attracted to male sounds?,No,fish swam toward male sound more than no sound,2.39,0.84,3.94,0.54,NA ref38a,38,0,10.1006/eesa.1999.1766,Guppy sexual behavior as an effect biomarker of estrogen mimics,Does envirionmental contamination affect fish exploratory behaviour?,"Yes - fish were expected to be less active in contaiminated water (and indeed they were, but only for sexual displays)",activity greater in contaminated water,-0.28,-1.06,0.505,0.145,NA ref38b,38,1,10.1007/s10646-012-0854-y,Behavior as biomarker? Laboratory versus field movement in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) from highly contaminated habitats,Does envirionmental contamination affect fish exploratory behaviour?,No,more exploration in fish from low contamination sites,0.725,-0.205,1.655,0.2,NA ref39a,39,0,10.1006/anbe.1994.1333,Lifetime learning by foraging honey bees,Do bees learn to forage?,No,rate of forage intake increases with time,0.79,0.34,1.24,0.05,NA ref39b,39,1,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01842.x,Effects of Experience on Short- and Long-term Foraging Performance in Bumblebees,Do bees learn to forage?,No,food delivery rate increases with time,0.85,-0.54,2.24,0.36,NA ref40a,40,0,10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01400.x,Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues,Does CO2 affect anti-predator behaviour in reef fish?,No,spend more time non predator smell in low CO2 than high CO2,9.06,7.33,10.8,0.75,NA ref40b,40,1,10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02439.x,Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities,Does CO2 affect anti-predator behaviour in reef fish?,No,show greater antipredator response in low CO2 than high CO2,2.235,1.415,3.0575,0.1675,NA ref41a,41,0,10.1098/rsbl.2011.0591,Elevated carbon dioxide affects behavioural lateralization in a coral reef fish,Does CO2 affect anti-predator behaviour in reef fish?,No,lateralisation (=better antipredator behaviour) is lower under high CO2,0.68,0.2,1.17,0.06,138 ref41b,41,1,10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01951.x,Effects of ocean acidification on visual risk assessment in coral reef fishes,Does CO2 affect anti-predator behaviour in reef fish?,No,High CO2 reduced antipredator behaviour,0.9,0.27,1.53,0.1,NA ref43a,43,1,10.1007/s00265-011-1150-1,Field presentation of male secretions alters social display in Sceloporus virgatus but not S. undulatus lizards,Do male odours induce threat displays in conspecific lizards?,No,lizards performed more pushup displays in response to conspecific odour than control odour,1.24,0.42,2.07,0.17,45 ref43b,43,0,10.1007/s00265-001-0447-x,"Chemical rival recognition decreases aggression levels in male Iberian wall lizards, Podarcis hispanica",Do male odours induce threat displays in conspecific lizards?,No,lizards have more aggressive interactions with intruders with an unfamiliar small than familiar smell,1.075,0.32,1.835,0.14,16 ref44a,44,0,10.1098/rspb.2004.2738,"Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles",Do corvids pay attention to human gaze?,No,birds looked up more when experimenter looked up than when experimenter didn't,1.2,-0.11,2.51,0.34,6 ref44b,44,1,10.1111/eth.12064,Do American Crows Pay Attention to Human Gaze and Facial Expressions?,Do corvids pay attention to human gaze?,No,birds initiated flight when observer was further away when observer had direct gaze than indirect gaze,0.56,-0.03,1.15,0.09,NA ref45a,45,1,10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.10.008,Transgenerational effects of impaired maternal care on behaviour of offspring and grandoffspring,Does amount of maternal care influence offspring behaviour in mice?,No,mice with wild mothers (high care) spent more time investigating novel objects than mice with mutant mothers (low care),1.17,0.38,1.96,0.15,NA ref45b,45,0,10.1016/j.bbr.2005.03.013,Early weaning deprives mouse pups of maternal care and decreases their maternal behavior in adulthood,Does amount of maternal care influence offspring behaviour in mice?,No,mice who were weaned normally (high care) were more likely to enter the maze than mice who were weaned early (low care),1.62,0.33,2.91,0.35,NA ref46a,46,0,10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00214-0,"Ecdysteroid titer, ovary status, and dominance in adult worker and queen bumble bees (< i> Bombus terrestris)",Does ovary development change with age in a social insect?,"No - these results are opposite, but the wasp study compares young and old wasps, while the bee study compares just-hatched and slightly older (but still ""in their prime"") bees. Hence both results have the same sign for their effet size",insects at day 6 had larger ovaries than insects at day 2,1.34,0.23,2.46,0.28,NA ref46b,46,1,10.1023/A:1007837727984,"Worker age, ovary development, and temporal polyethism in the swarm-founding wasp Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)",Does ovary development change with age in a social insect?,No,workers at day 7 had smaller ovaries than workers at day 3,1.54,0.51,2.57,0.24,NA ref49a,49,0,10.1017/S0031182007003228,"Behavioural and physiological effects of the trophically transmitted cestode parasite, Cyathocephalus truncatus, on its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex",Does trematode infection influence activity and anti-predatory behaviour in an isopod?,No,infected gammerus had a higher activity score than uninfected,2.98,2.52,3.45,0.05,NA ref49b,49,1,10.1007/s00436-005-1435-2,Impact of a microphallid trematode on the behaviour and survival of its isopod intermediate host: phylogenetic inheritance?,Does trematode infection influence activity and anti-predatory behaviour in an isopod?,No,infected gammerus increased swimming after seeing a predator more than did uninfected gammerus,0.62,0.1,-0.02,1.26,43 ref50a,50,0,10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03401.x,Ornamental plumage coloration and condition are dependent on age in eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis,Does feather brightness change with age in a bird?,No,old birds have brighter rumps than young birds,-0.86,-1.45,-0.27,0.09,NA ref50b,50,1,10.1093/beheco/ari059,"Mutual ornamentation, age, and reproductive performance in the European starling",Does feather brightness change with age in a bird?,No,Old birds have brighter featehrs than young birds,1.245,0.29,2.21,0.225,NA ref51a,51,1,10.1002/cne.22113,Differential responsiveness in brain and behavior to sexually dimorphic long calls in male and female zebra finches,Does ZENK expression depend on the type of calls heard by female zebra finches?,No,more Zenk when exposed to females than males,1.11,-1.87,4.1,0.48,NA ref51b,51,0,10.1016/j.crvi.2008.02.004,Sound-induced brain activity depends on stimulus subjective salience in female zebra finches,Does ZENK expression depend on the type of calls heard by female zebra finches?,No,more Zenk when exposed to own mate than when exposed to another male,1.59,-0.63,3.8,0.64,6 ref52a,52,0,10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.08.005,Female canaries produce eggs with greater amounts of testosterone when exposed to preferred male song,Does male attractiveness influence hormone levels in eggs?,No,females exposed to attractive males had more testosterone in their eggs,0.975,0.1,1.84,0.18,NA ref52b,52,1,10.1098/rsbl.2005.0295,Offspring sex ratio is related to paternal train elaboration and yolk corticosterone in peafowl,Does male attractiveness influence hormone levels in eggs?,No,females exposed to attractive males had more testosterone in their eggs,0.48,-0.16,1.11,0.1,NA ref53a,53,1,10.1038/hdy.2008.20,Variation in mate preference across a house mouse hybrid zone,Is there a sex difference in assortative mating based on olfactory cues in mice?,No,males spent more time with consepecifics than females,0.324,-1.248,1.898,0.526,NA ref53b,53,0,10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00447.x,Assessment of mate preference in the house mouse with reference to investigations on assortative mating,Is there a sex difference in assortative mating based on olfactory cues in mice?,No,Males spent more time sniffing conspecifics than females,0.32,-0.39,1.03,0.12,NA ref54a,54,0,10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02027.x,Host manipulation revisited: no evidence for a causal link between altered photophobia and increased trophic transmission of amphipods infected with €,Do infected amphipods show differential phototaxis?,No,infected individuals had higher phototactic score (ie reduced photophobia) than noninfected,0.73,0.27,1.19,0.05,79 ref54b,54,1,10.1163/000579509X12574307194101 ,The consequences of parasitic infections for host behavioural correlations and repeatability,Do infected amphipods show differential phototaxis?,"Yes -""Metacercariae in crustaceans would benefit by altering the behaviour of their host in ways that increase its susceptibility to predation by avian definitive hosts"". But the infected snails spent significantly less time in the light, not more",noninfected individuals spent more time in the light area than infected individuals,-0.43,-0.72,-0.13,0.02,207 ref55a,55,0,10.1007/s00265-013-1554-1,Learned recognition of novel predator odour by convict cichlid embryos,Does embryonic exposure to alarm cues affect anti-predator behavior in aquatic animals?,No,number of line crosses decreased more for individuals exposed to predators than control,0.61,-0.03,1.25,0.1,40 ref55b,55,1,10.1007/s00244-008-9196-4,Effects of single and combined embryonic exposures to herbicide and conspecific chemical alarm cues on hatching and larval traits in the common frog (Rana €,Does embryonic exposure to alarm cues affect anti-predator behavior in aquatic animals?,No,proportion of tadpoles moving decreased when exposed to predator than control,1.33,0,2.67,0.36,NA ref56a,56,1,10.1007/s10886-006-9092-1,Pheromone-induced priming of a defensive response in Western flower thrips,Does alarm pheromone affect defensive behaviours in a social insect?,No,took less time to react when poked with alarm pheromone than control,1.96,1.06,2.85,0.19,NA ref56b,56,0,10.1073/pnas.0603998103,Aphid alarm pheromone produced by transgenic plants affects aphid and parasitoid behavior,Does alarm pheromone affect defensive behaviours in a social insect?,No,greater response to alarm pheromone than control,18.05,11.99,24.12,8.33,10 ref57a,57,0,10.1111/j.1365-2311.1995.tb00452.x,"Sexually transmitted disease in a promiscuous insect, Adalia bipunctata",Does mite infestation affect female fecundity in an insect?,No,noninfected individuals had higher fecundity than infected individuals,1.3,0.25,2.36,0.25,NA ref57b,57,1,10.1071/ZO10034,Positive and negative effects of phoretic mites on the reproductive output of an invasive bark beetle,Does mite infestation affect female fecundity in an insect?,No,females with mites removed had higher fecundity than those with natural levels of mites,0.69,0.15,1.24,0.07,86 ref58a,58,1,10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01660.x,Determinants of mating and sperm_transfer success in a simultaneous hermaphrodite,Does social group size affect male reproductive investment in a hermaphrodite?,No,males have more mates in larger group sizes,1.6,0.55,2.64,0.25,NA ref58b,58,0,10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00692.x,"Social group size, potential sperm competition and reproductive investment in a hermaphroditic leech, Helobdella papillornata (Euhirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)",Does social group size affect male reproductive investment in a hermaphrodite?,No,testes volume was larger in large group sizes,1.12,-0.17,2.41,0.34,NA ref59a,59,1,10.1093/chemse/bjm047,Workers of a Polistes paper wasp detect the presence of their queen by chemical cues,Do workers respond differentially to queen and worker odours in a social insect?,No,nestmates responded more aggressively to previous queens than previous workers,0.8,0.24,1.36,0.08,27 ref59b,59,0,10.1007/s10886-010-9770-x,Regulation of reproduction in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata: on the trail of the queen pheromone,Do workers respond differentially to queen and worker odours in a social insect?,No,potential queens showed more dominant behaviour when exposed to worker smell than queen smell,1.23,0.15,2.31,0.26,NA ref60a,60,0,10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[650:SSMMSV]2.0.CO;2,Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) song varies with urban noise,Does urban noise affect bird song?,No,Song Sparrows singing at noisier locations exhibited higher-frequency low notes,1.71,0.67,2.75,0.26,28 ref60b,60,1,10.1098/rspb.2010.2296,Geographically pervasive effects of urban noise on frequency and syllable rate of songs and calls in silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis),Does urban noise affect bird song?,No,silvereyes consistently sang at higher frequencies in urban environments,0.51,-0.79,1.81,0.35,13 ref61a,61,1,10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.09.012,Elevated yolk androgen levels and the expression of multiple sexually selected male characters,Does androgen treatment affect bird sexual traits?,Yes - androgen made the sexually-selected trait NS smaller,tip length of throat feathers was shorter in androgen treated birds,-0.05,-0.64,0.53,0.08,NA ref61b,61,0,10.1007/s002650100399,Testosterone and sexual signalling in male house sparrows (Passer domesticus),Does androgen treatment affect bird sexual traits?,No,testosterone treated birds had lower feather abrasion than control birds,0.82,0.12,1.52,0.12,35 ref62a,62,1,10.1098/rsbl.2007.0578,No postcopulatory response to inbreeding by male crickets,Do males differentially transfer sperm to relatives and non-relatives?,"Yes - most people would predict males to invest more sperm in matings with non-relatives rather than sisters, since offspring from inbred matings are less valuable",males transfer greater proportion of live sperm to siblings than non-related individuals (NS),-0.17,-0.74,0.41,0.08,NA ref62b,62,0,10.1098/rspb.2004.2843,"Sex-specific, counteracting responses to inbreeding in a bird",Do males differentially transfer sperm to relatives and non-relatives?,"Yes - most people would predict males to invest more sperm in matings with non-relatives rather than sisters, since offspring from inbred matings are less valuable",males transfer more sperm to related female than unrelated female,-0.5,-1.05,-0.06,0.08,27 ref63a,63,0,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01602.x,"Male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, increase rather than conceal courtship behavior when a rival is present",Does exposure to rivals affect frequency of mating attempts in a fish?,No,males make more mating attempts in the presence of a competitor,0.49,-0.18,1.17,0.11,NA ref63b,63,1,10.1093/beheco/14.2.268,Male mating behavior and ejaculate expenditure under sperm competition risk in the eastern mosquitofish,Does exposure to rivals affect frequency of mating attempts in a fish?,No,males display more when a rival is visible,0.46,-0.21,1.13,0.11,NA ref66a,66,0,10.1016/0018-506X(92)90008-J,Fear and distress in Japanese quail chicks of two lines genetically selected for low or high adrenocortical response to immobilization stress,Does selection line affect fear response in a bird?,No,quail selected for long tonic immobility (more fear) showed greater tonic immobility than those selected forshort tonic immobility,0.6,-0.04,1.24,0.1,NA ref66b,66,1,10.1016/j.beproc.2007.07.005,Behavioural and endocrine fear responses in Japanese quail upon presentation of a novel object in the home cage,Does selection line affect fear response in a bird?,"Yes - pacing is a fear response, and the low fear lines paced more than the high fear lines",quail selected for short tonic immobility (less fear) paced more than those selected for long tonic immobility (more fear),-1.13,-2.01,-0.24,0.18,NA ref67a,67,1,10.2989/00306520409485426,The evolution of song structure in southern African birds: an assessment of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis,Does song structure differ in open habitats in birds?,No,more species conformed to the prediction that bandwidth should be broader in open habitats,0.86,-0.4,2.11,0.33,20 ref67b,67,0,10.2307/4194,Geographical variation in the song of the great tit (Parus major) in relation to ecological factors,Does song structure differ in open habitats in birds?,No,birds from more open habitat had greater range of frequencies,0.15,0,0.3,0.01,NA ref68a,68,0,10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.041,"Better the devil you know: familiarity affects foraging activity of red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus",Are groups of familiar individuals more productive?,Yes - authors express surprise at this result in abstract,individuals were more active when in groups of familiar individuals,-0.22,-0.76,0.33,0.07,NA ref68b,68,1,10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20833.x,Social familiarity relaxes the constraints of limited attention and enhances reproduction of group-living predatory mites,Are groups of familiar individuals more productive?,No,more females were active in unfamiliar groups than familiar groups,0.67,-0.07,1.41,0.13,NA ref69a,69,0,10.1098/rspb.2000.1037,Copulatory courtship and cryptic female choice in red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum,Is there a cryptic female preference for specific male traits?,No,fertilisation success was greater for unmanipulated males (ie greater courtship) than manipulated males,0.51,0.08,0.94,0.05,94 ref69b,69,1,10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01690.x,Cryptic female preference for colorful males in guppies,Is there a cryptic female preference for specific male traits?,No,relatively colouful males inseminated more sperm into females than relatively dull males,0.67,0.12,1.22,0.08,27 ref70a,70,0,10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04301.x,Promiscuous females avoid inbreeding by controlling sperm storage,Do inbred and outbred matings result in differential sperm transfer?,No,more sperm transferred to unrelated females than related females,1.79,1.03,2.56,0.14,19 ref70b,70,1,10.1007/s00265-010-0955-7,Inbreeding avoidance in a poeciliid fish (Heterandria formosa),Do inbred and outbred matings result in differential sperm transfer?,No,more sperm transferred to unrelated females than related females,0.72,-0.01,1.45,0.13,32 ref71a,71,0,10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.033,Great bowerbirds create theaters with forced perspective when seen by their audience,Do bower birds revert bowers to original quality after manipulation?,No,bower birds reverted their bowers,1.31,0.51,2.12,0.16,NA ref71b,71,1,10.1073/pnas.1208350109,Male great bowerbirds create forced perspective illusions with consistently different individual quality,Do bower birds revert bowers to original quality after manipulation?,No,bower birds reverted their bowers,0.88,0.29,1.47,0.09,NA ref72a,72,1,10.1371/journal.pone.0040780,Female rose bitterling prefer MHC-dissimilar males: experimental evidence,Do fish choose partners based on MHC similarity?,Yes - mating disassortatively for MHC increases offspring MHC diversity and is therefore ideal (even if one is using an allele counting strategy as propsoed by these authors),females allocated more eggs to MHC dissimilar males than MHC similar males,-0.32,-0.95,0.31,0.1,20 ref72b,72,0,10.1038/35104547,Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism,Do fish choose partners based on MHC similarity?,No - authors were specifically testing for dissasortative mate choice by MHC,females spent more time with MHC similar male than dissimilar male,0.14,-0.47,0.76,0.09,21 ref73a,73,0,10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.03.001,Immune response affects ant trophallactic behaviour,Does infection affect social behaviours in ants?,No,infected indidivuals performed fewer trophallictic acts than non infected,0.23,-0.44,0.91,0.11,NA ref73b,73,1,10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02425.x,Sick ants become unsociable,Does infection affect social behaviours in ants?,No,infected individuals spent less time in trophallixis than noninfected,1.98,1.3,2.67,0.12,NA ref74a,74,1,10.1371/journal.pone.0040782,Female presence and estrous state influence mouse ultrasonic courtship vocalizations,Does the state of conspecific affect calling in mice?,No,males spend more time calling when exposed to proestrus than diestrous females,5.74,3.91,7.57,0.79,NA ref74b,74,0,10.1016/0376-6357(94)90048-5,"Effects of age, sex, and odours from conspecific adult males on ultrasonic vocalizations of infant CS1 mice",Does the state of conspecific affect calling in mice?,No,pups call less when exposed to call from infanticidal males than non infanticidal,0.75,-0.06,1.56,0.16,13 ref75a,75,0,10.1093/beheco/13.5.622,Carotenoid status signaling in captive and wild red-collared widowbirds: independent effects of badge size and color,Does manipulation of a badge of status cause a change in dominance?,No,received more intrusions when collars were reduced compared to control,0.68,-0.76,2.11,0.4,45 ref75b,75,1,10.1098/rspb.2013.2680,Manipulating the appearance of a badge of status causes changes in true badge expression,Does manipulation of a badge of status cause a change in dominance?,No,received more attacks when shield was reduced,0.91,-0.16,1.98,0.25,16 ref76a,76,1,10.1098/rsbl.2011.0457,Social environment determines degree of chemical signalling,Does odour affect the amount of aggression received in a beetle?,No,males responded more aggressively toward the odour of single females than paired females,1.05,0.29,1.81,0.15,65 ref76b,76,0,10.1007/BF01041727,"Cuticular hydrocarbons regulate mate recognition, male aggression, and female choice of the rove beetle, Aleochara curtula",Does odour affect the amount of aggression received in a beetle?,No,males were more aggressive toward a lab standard female than toward a female that had copulated earlier that day,2.58,-0.78,5.94,2.12,NA ref77a,77,0,10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00220-6,Foraging in the ant Camponotus mus: nectar-intake rate and crop filling depend on colony starvation,Does starvation affect foraging rate in a social insect?,No,Intake rate was greater for starved indiviudals than fed individuals,0.52,0.27,0.78,0.02,NA ref77b,77,1,10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05344.x,Nutrition and division of labor: effects on foraging and brain gene expression in the paper wasp Polistes metricus,Does starvation affect foraging rate in a social insect?,No,starved indidividuals performed more foraging trips than fed individuals,0.63,0.33,0.93,0.02,182 ref78a,78,1,10.1007/s00265-012-1329-0,Socially facilitated antipredator behavior by ringed salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum),Do salamanders copy the anti-predator behaviour of conspecifics?,No,individuals took longer to move when viewing an individual that could smell a predator,0.42,-0.29,1.13,0.12,32 ref78b,78,0,10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01362.x,First documentation of cultural transmission of predator recognition by larval amphibians,Do salamanders copy the anti-predator behaviour of conspecifics?,No,individuals decreased activity more when observing an individual that was being exposed to predator cues than control,1.74,1,2.48,0.13,NA ref79a,79,0,10.1098/rsbl.2007.0328,Male crickets adjust ejaculate quality with both risk and intensity of sperm competition,Does perception of sperm competition risk affect ejaculates in a cricket?,No,males transfer a greater proportion of live sperm when in competition with another male,0.74,-0.03,1.51,0.14,NA ref79b,79,1,10.1093/beheco/art009,Acoustic cues alter perceived sperm competition risk in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus,Does perception of sperm competition risk affect ejaculates in a cricket?,No,males transfer more sperm when exposed to the song of a rival male,0.45,0.05,0.85,0.04,NA ref80a,80,1,10.1111/jeb.12162,The evolution of queen pheromones in the ant genus Lasius,Does queen pheromone affect ovary development in social insect workers?,No,When exposed to queen pheromones workers had fewer eggs,0.75,0.54,0.97,0.01,540 ref80b,80,0,10.1007/s00114-003-0462-z,The effect of queen pheromones on worker honey bee ovary development,Does queen pheromone affect ovary development in social insect workers?,No,When exposed to queen pheromones workers had less developed eggs,1.7,1.41,1.99,0.02,NA ref81a,81,1,10.1093/beheco/ars174,Are queen ants inhibited by their own pheromone? Regulation of productivity via negative feedback,Does queen pheromone affect ovary development in social insect queens?,No,Queens exposed to queen pheromones had fewer eggs than controls,0.41,-0.23,1.05,0.1,NA ref81b,81,0,Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1992 31: 205-210,Mutual Pheromonal Inhibition among Queens in Polygyne Colonies,Does queen pheromone affect ovary development in social insect queens?,No,Queens exposed to queen pheromones lost more weight than controls,0.94,-0.07,1.95,0.23,NA ref82a,82,1,10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01603.x,Costs and constraints conspire to produce honest signaling: insights from an ant queen pheromone,Does juvenile hormone affect the hydrocarbon profile in a social insect?,No,Hydrocarbon profile increased (PC1) when exposed to juvenile hormone ,0.45,-0.09,1,0.07,111 ref82b,82,0,10.1098/rspb.2003.2472,The role of juvenile hormone in immune function and pheromone production trade-offs: a test of the immunocompetence handicap principle,Does juvenile hormone affect the hydrocarbon profile in a social insect?,No,females smelt males that were treated with juvenile hormone for longer than males that weren't,0.55,0.04,1.06,0.07,31 ref83a,83,1,10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01914.x,Terminal investment in multiple sexual signals: immune_challenged males produce more attractive pheromones,Do male beetles terminally invest in pheromones?,No,Females preferred males that were immune challenged,0.66,0.11,1.2,0.07,28 ref83b,83,0,10.1673/031.011.5601,"Female choice reveals terminal investment in male mealworm beetles, Tenebrio molitor, after a repeated activation of the immune system",Do male beetles terminally invest in pheromones?,No,males were more likely to be chosen if immune challenged,0.5,0.12,0.88,0.04,114 ref84a,84,1,10.2307/3677060,Blood parasites and dominance in captive blackbirds,Does parasitism affect dominance in a vertebrate?,No,nonparasitized individuals were more likley to win encounters,0.4775,-0.4575,1.41,0.205,NA ref84b,84,0,10.1126/science.7244643 ,Parasitism and behavioral dominance among male mice,Does parasitism affect dominance in a vertebrate?,No,Unparasitised mouse more likely to become dominant than parasitised mouse,0.81,-0.19,1.82,0.23,20 ref85a,85,0,10.1007/s002650050531,Brood pheromone stimulates pollen foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera),Do pheromones affect foraging behaviour in bees?,No,colonies exposed to brood pheromones had more foragers,1.58,0.19,2.97,0.39,6 ref85b,85,1,10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00040-7,Queen mandibular gland pheromone influences worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging ontogeny and juvenile hormone titers,Do pheromones affect foraging behaviour in bees?,No,treated colonies had fewer foragers than control,3.37,1.43,5.31,0.76,12 ref86a,86,0,10.1098/rspb.2009.0450,Food-supplementing parents reduces their sons' song repertoire size,Do early life condiditons affect repertoire size?,Yes - the authors describe their result as counterintuitive,sons of unfed parents had bigger song repertoires than sons of fed parents,-0.99,-1.89,-0.1,0.19,24 ref86b,86,1,10.1002/dneu.20521,Song and brain development in canaries raised under different conditions of acoustic and social isolation over two years,Do early life condiditons affect repertoire size?,No,canaries reared in isolation had smaller repertoires than canaries reared in groups,1.9,0.43,3.37,0.43,NA ref87a,87,1,10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01807.x,Cross-stage consequences of egg temperature in the insect Manduca sexta,Does temperature at the egg stage affect size of hatching offspring?,No,eggs reared in higher temperatures were smaller,3.69,2.61,4.76,0.28,NA ref87b,87,0,Herpetologica 1992 48: 220-228,"Incubation temperature differentially affects hatching time, egg survival, and hatchling performance in the lizard Podarcis muralis",Does temperature at the egg stage affect size of hatching offspring?,No,eggs reared in higher temperatures had smaller babies,0.95,-0.04,1.94,0.22,NA ref88a,88,0,10.1007/s00265-005-0039-2,Retinue attraction and ovary activation: responses of wild type and anarchistic honey bees (Apis mellifera) to queen and brood pheromones,Does queen pheromone affect behaviour in bees?,No,workers exposed to queen pheromones had more contacts,1.79,0.71,2.87,0.26,10 ref88b,88,1,10.1023/A:1020805103379,Reevaluation of the role of mandibular glands in regulation of reproduction in bumblebee colonies,Does queen pheromone affect behaviour in bees?,No,workers exposed to queen pheromones performed fewer threatening displays,0.57,-0.15,1.29,0.12,36 ref89a,89,1,10.1002/ece3.632,Condition-dependent expression of pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits in guppies,Does dietary manipulation affect expression of sexually-selected traits?,No,males on low quantity diet had less bright orange colouration,0.73,0.35,1.11,0.04,107 ref89b,89,0,10.1038/nature03084,High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young,Does dietary manipulation affect expression of sexually-selected traits?,No,males on high protein diets called more,1.54,1.15,1.92,0.04,NA ref91a,91,0,10.1093/beheco/ari058,Species recognition by male swordtails via chemical cues,Are fish more attracted to the odour of opposite sex conspecifics or heterospecifics,No,males spent more time with conspecifics than heterospecifics,0.49,-0.34,1.32,0.165,30 ref91b,91,1,10.1093/beheco/arl030,Olfactory mate recognition in a sympatric species pair of three-spined sticklebacks,Are fish more attracted to the odour of opposite sex conspecifics or heterospecifics,No,spent more time with conspecifics than heterospecifics,0.83,-0.465,2.13,0.34,12 ref93a,93,1,10.1051/apido:19990407,Honeybee queen tergal gland secretion affects ovarian development in caged workers,Do queen odours affect worker ovaries in a social insect?,No,workers from colonies with queen extracts had less developed ovaries,1.12,0.145,2.095,0.22,NA ref93b,93,0,10.1186/1471-2148-11-55,Queen pheromones in Temnothorax ants: control or honest signal?,Do queen odours affect worker ovaries in a social insect?,No,colonies with queen extracts had fewer workers with developed ovaries,4.3275,2.09,6.565,1.1425,NA