Phylo Species Name_changed_species In_Kawahara_et_al Group Forewing_length_mm Eupyrene_length_um Apyrene_length_um Legend Battus_polydamas Battus_polydamus Butterfly 48 1061 597 Phylo = name of species in the phylogeny Parides_anchises Parides_anchises Butterfly 40 953 361 Species = confirms names of species in the phylogeny Papilio_machaon Papilio_machaon Yes Butterfly 35.7 789 494 Name_changed_species = list of species where the scientific name was changed between when the sperm data was published and the present Papilio_polyxenes Papilio_polyxenes Papilio_polyxenes_coloro Butterfly 39 980 488 In_Kawahara_et_al = indicates if the species is present in the Kawahara et al. 2019 phylogeny used in the analyses in the main text (Yes = included) Papilio_troilus Papilio_troilus Butterfly 42.7 995 486 Group = indicates if the species is a butterfly or moth Papilio_glaucus Papilio_glaucus Yes Butterfly 51.3 1039 494 Forewing_length_mm = length of the male forewing Morpho_peleides Morpho_peleides Butterfly 64 1164 653 Eupyrene_length_um = length of the eupyrene sperm Caligo_eurilochus Caligo_eurilochus Butterfly 76 1411 756 Apyrene_length_um = length of the apyrene sperm Mechanitis_lysimnia Mechanitis_lysimnia Butterfly 34 1030 474 Pyronia_bathseba Pyronia_bathseba Butterfly 18.6 399 244 Pyronia_tithonus Pyronia_tithonus Butterfly 18.2 378 251 Aphantopus_hyperantus Aphantopus_hyperantus Butterfly 22 374 267 Maniola_jurtina Maniola_jurtina Yes Butterfly 23.3 409 343 Melanargia_galathea Melanargia_galathea Butterfly 24.4 517 233 Hipparchia_semele Hipparchia_semele Butterfly 25.7 645 562 Lasiommata_petropolitana Lasiommata_petropolitana Butterfly 21.1 448 305 Lasiommata_megera Lasiommata_megera Butterfly 21.4 925 373 Coenonympha_pamphilus Coenonympha_pamphilus Butterfly 15 345 227 Coenonympha_dorus Coenonympha_dorus Butterfly 17.1 390 355 Adelpha_cytherea Adelpha_cytherea Butterfly 22 536 299 Danaus_plexippus Danaus_plexippus Yes Butterfly 49 1446 596 Agraulis_vanillae Agraulis_vanillae Butterfly 38.3 1151 513 Heliconius_charithonia Heliconius_charitonia Butterfly 41 547 252 Dryas_iulia Dryas_julia Butterfly 42 1545 464 Anartia_amathea Anartia_amathea Butterfly 24 1141 407 Anartia_jatrophae Anartia_jatrophe Butterfly 26 587 268 Biblis_hyperia Biblis_hyperia Butterfly 30 1326 550 Colobura_dirce Colobura_dirce Butterfly 30.5 1195 422 Hypanartia_lethe Hypanartia_lethe Butterfly 26 752 381 Inachis_io Inachis_io Butterfly 29.2 428 344 Vanessa_atalanta Vanessa_atalanta Butterfly 29 823 404 Colias_croceus Colias_croceaus Yes Butterfly 25 627 449 Eurema_albula Eurema_albula Butterfly 17.1 1504 422 Eurema_lisa Eurema_lisa Butterfly 15.6 1097 450 Phoebis_sennae Phoebis_sennae Yes Butterfly 28 503 428 Leptidea_sinapis Leptidea_sinapis Butterfly 18 1120 481 Gonepteryx_rhamni Gonepteryx_rhamni Butterfly 28.3 626 354 Anthocharis_cardamines Anthocharis_cardamines Yes Butterfly 20.5 1005 337 Ascia_monuste Ascia_monuste Yes Butterfly 27 672 474 Pieris_rapae Pieris_rapae Butterfly 25.1 762 371 Pieris_napi Pieris_napi Butterfly 22.4 1104 345 Pontia_daplidice Pontia_daplidice Butterfly 22.2 792 338 Pieris_brassicae Pieris_brassicae Butterfly 30.9 1234 430 Aporia_crataegi Aporia_crategi Butterfly 30 390 305 Melete_lycimnia Melete_lycinmia Butterfly 26 721 309 Polyommatus_icarus Polyommatus_icarus Yes Butterfly 14.1 411 271 Lycaena_phlaeas Lycaena_phlaeas Butterfly 12.6 410 221 Othorene_purpurascens Othorene_purpurascens Moths 569 400 Adeloneivaia_jason Adeloneivaia_jason Moths 30 712 436 Phragmatobia_fuliginosa Phragmatobia_fuliginosa Yes Moths 15 1865 643 Oxytenis_naemia Oxytenis_naemia Moths 38 693 378 Eacles_imperialis Eacles_imperialis Moths 56.6 344 346 Arsenura_batesii Arsenura_batesii Moths 86.25 392 301 Copaxa_troetschi Copaxa_troetschi Moths 52 881 573 Rothschildia_lebeau Rothschildia_lebeau Moths 76.83 599 351 Citheronia_lobesis Citheronia_lobesis Moths 42 506 313 Automeris_postalbida Automeris_postalbida Moths 62.75 748 418 Automeris_zugana Automeris_zugana Moths 33.8 626 381 Automeris_belti Automeris_belti Moths 46 607 361 Automeris_zurobara Automeris_zurobara Moths 36 638 394 Automeris_fieldi Automeris_fieldi Moths 38 484 333 Hylesia_aeneides Hylesia_aeneides Moths 28.38 4839 201 Pseudodirphia_menander Pseudodirphia_menander Moths 34 509 397 Lonomia_achelous Lonomia achelous Moths 35.75 550 603 Lonomia_rufescens Lonomia_rufescens Moths 40 604 552 Lonomia_electra Lonomia_electra Moths 500 525 Caio_championi Caio_championi Moths 87 313 395 Dysdaemonia_boreas Dysdaemonia_boreas Moths 70.5 415 381 Rhescyntis_hippodamia Rhescyntis_hippodamia Moths 95.57 512 491 Pandemis_corylana Pandemis_corylana Moths 10 1112 541 Pheosia_tremula Pheosia_tremula Moths 23.25 515 534 Pheosia_gnoma Pheosia_gnoma Pheosia_gnoma Moths 19.77 583 507 Noctua_janthina Noctua_janthina Moths 16.82 472 434 Anaplectoides_prasina Anaplectoides_prasina Moths 20 859 346 Agrotis_exclamationis Agrotis_exclamationis Moths 17.2 670 333 Lycophotia_porphyrea Lycophotia_porphyrea Moths 12 941 783 Apamea_monoglypha Apamea_monoglypha Moths 21.86 520 200 Mesapamea_secalis Mesapamea_secalis Moths 15 1114 275 Cerapteryx_graminis Cerapteryx_graminis Moths 14.33 1166 299 Acronicta_rumicis Acronicta_rumicis Moths 16 247 106 Acronicta_psi Acronicta_psi Moths 18 377 153 Crinodes_besckei Crinodes_besckei Moths 32 1372 700 Siga_pyronia Siga_pyronia Moths 33.25 403 303 Drepana_falcataria Drepana_falcataria Moths 17 802 305 Ascalapha_odorata Ascalapha_odorata Moths 80 963 405 Thysania_zenobia Thysania_zenobia Moths 64 1215 284 Thysania_agrippina Thysania_agrippina Moths 133 1445 334 Letis_buteo Letis_buteo Moths 50.25 738 229 Phrygionis_platinata Phrygionis_platinata Moths 422 273 Opisthograptis_luteolata Opisthograptis_luteolata Moths 16.75 481 356 Geometra_papilionaria Geometra_papilionaria Moths 24.22 1384 480 Manduca_occulta Manduca_occulta Moths 55 1340 284 Cabera_pusaria Cabera_pusaria Moths 14.67 1550 410 Peribatodes_rhomboidaria Peribatodes_rhomboidaria Moths 19.5 563 285 Iridopsis_validaria Iridopsis_validaria Moths 19.5 672 426 Hypomecis_roboraria Hypomecis_roboraria Hypomecis roboraria/Boarmia roboraria Moths 20 550 302 Ennomos_alniaria Ennomos_alniaria Moths 18 379 253 Catarhoe_cuculata Catarhoe_cuculata Moths 12 492 293 Scotopteryx_chenopodiata Scotopteryx_chenopodiata Moths 16 1059 447 Selenia_dentaria Selenia_dentaria Moths 16 824 399 Hylaea_fasciaria Hylaea_fasciaria Moths 17 562 380 Sphacelodes_vulneraria Sphacelodes_vulneraria Moths 21 544 315 Diphthera_festiva Diphthera_festiva Moths 20.57 1877 230 Cucullia_umbratica Cucullia_umbratica Moths 22.75 247 267 Euproctis_similis Euproctis_similis Moths 15.5 1234 516 Euthrix_potatoria Euthrix_potatoria Euthrix potatoria/Philudora potatoria Moths 23.11 622 467 Amauta_cacica Amauta_cacica Moths 71.67 1668 468 Hyalurga_fenestra Hyalurga_fenestra Moths 27 5665 757 Xylophanes_chiron Xylophanes_chiron Moths 37 2296 650 Xylophanes_neoptolemus Xylophanes_neoptolemus Moths 34 2399 607 Xylophanes_belti Xylophanes_belti Moths 44.5 2827 704 Xylophanes_libya Xylophanes_libya Moths 32 1956 528 Xylophanes_loelia Xylophanes_loelia Moths 34 2330 664 Xylophanes_thyelia Xylophanes_thyelia Moths 27 2171 757 Xylophanes_ceratomioides Xylophanes_ceratomioides Moths 45.6 1684 673 Deilephila_elpenor Deilephila_elpenor Moths 33 972 511 Deilephila_porcellus Deilephila_porcellus Moths 22 968 444 Perigonia_lusca Perigonia_lusca Moths 24 1637 479 Erinnyis_ello Erinnyis_ello Moths 43 2195 573 Erinnyis_oenotrus Erinnyis_oenotrus Moths 32 2389 776 Madoryx_plutonius Madoryx_plutonius Moths 45 2358 643 Pachylioides_resumens Pachylioides_resumens Moths 46.5 2197 883 Pachylia_ficus Pachylia_ficus Moths 52 3567 752 Enyo_ocypete Enyo_ocypete Moths 27 1228 657 Enyo_lugubris Enyo_lugubris Yes Moths 29 1178 661 Eumorpha_triangulum Eumorpha_triangulum Moths 62 3487 777 Adhemarius_ypsilon Adhemarius_ypsilon Moths 61.4 1605 579 Smerinthus_ocellata Smerinthus_ocellata Moths 38 747 391 Laothoe_populi Laothoe_populi Moths 39 841 464 Madoryx_oiclus Madoryx_oiclus Moths 39 2062 626 Notodonta_dromedarius Notodonta_dromedarius Moths 18.33 568 586 Rosema_myops Rosema_myops Moths 19 628 643 Palpita_flegia Palpita_flegia Moths 24.33 1521 632 Pleuroptya_ruralis Pleuroptya_ruralis Moths 16.25 1252 488 Hypocrita_drucei Hypocrita_drucei Moths 34 2464 719