READ ME - Data from: Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques? Lay summary: Sexual selection produces traits that are advantages in competition, or that are attractive to the opposite sex. We studied the bright red facial coloration of 32 female rhesus monkeys. We found that males preferred females with more colourful faces. When combined with other lines of evidence, our study suggests that the colorful face of female rhesus monkeys may have evolved by male mate choice. This dataset includes the following files: 1) Higham-et-al-2020-rhesus-female-color-daily-data.csv - daily measures of female color (Red = RGB and DARK = luminance), fGCM (fecal glucocorticoid metabolites), UCP (urinary c-peptides), and behavior (whether a female was consorted by a top male or not, and the number of mating series in which she was involved), plus dominance ranks for each female 2) Higham-et-al-2020-rhesus-female-color-averaged-values.csv - color measures averaged over the mating season per female (Red = RGB and DARK = luminance), plus BMI (body mass index, kg/m2) and skinfold fat measurements, plus dominance ranks for each female 3) Higham-et-al-2020-rhesus-female-color-UCP-collection-times.csv - collection times for UCP data Data notes: All monkey IDs have been dummy-coded. Data collection: Color values were measured from facial photographs, behavioral variables were extracted from focal follow data, fGCM and UCP values were generated using relevant assays (see Materials and Methods in the paper for more details), and skin fold and body fat measures were collected from anesthetized animals. Data processing: Color values in (2) were averaged per female over the whole dataset. Color values and measures of fGCM and UCP (including collection time) from (1) were averaged weekly for analyses. There are missing values for females not followed for behavior, photographed for color measures, or for whom no physiological samples were collected on a given day. Analysis notes: Direct questions about analyses to Clare Kimock: clare.kimock@nyu.edu