Order Family "Genus, Species" Common Name Fem Tib Met Hum Rad CM Source Extinct Flightless Mean Ulna Mass Apterygiformes - Kiwis Kiwi Apterigidae Apteryx australis Brown Kiwi 89.5 129.9 64.9 Cracraft (1976) * * Apteryx australis Brown Kiwi 86.7 128.1 68.7 YPM 4384 * Apteryx australis Brown Kiwi 99 145 77.6 YPM 13486 * Apteryx oweni Little Spotted Kiwi 80.4 113.7 62.9 39.2 17.5 5.1 MCZ Display 308 * Apteryx oweni Little Spotted Kiwi 72.1 103.9 56.6 36.1 15.7 YPM 2118 * Struthioniformes - Ostriches Ostriches Struthionidae Palaeotis weigelti Palaeotis 117 72 34 Houde and Haubold (1986) * * Struthio camelus Ostrich 286 534 367 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Struthio camelus Ostrich 284 535 369 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Struthio camelus Ostrich 295 575 382 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Struthio camelus Ostrich 294 574 380 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Struthio camelus Ostrich 230 410 398 MCZ 828 * Struthio camelus Ostrich 320 545 483 395 120 100 MCZ 2686 * Struthio camelus Ostrich 317 567 493 377 120 98 MCZ 2686 * Struthio camelus Ostrich 285 495 430 MCZ 3701 * Struthio camelus Ostrich 249 444 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 314 550 474 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 308 527 455 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 305 511 447 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 293 480 461 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 273 497 410 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 277 490 420 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 278 490 432 Holtz (1994) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 268 81 72 1628 (Juvenile) * Struthio camelus Ostrich 266 494 437 294 96.3 75.2 YPM 4347 * Dinornithes - Moas Moas Dinornithidae Anomalopteryx didiformis Moa 238.5 377.2 179 Cracraft (1976) * * * Anomalopteryx didiformis Moa 235 360 190 YPM 9883 Holtz (1994) * * Anomalopteryx didiformis patau Moa 275 427 212 MCZ * * Anomalopteryx didiformis tring Moa 265 405 190 MCZ * * Dinornis gazella Moa 231 469.7 259 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis giganteus Moa 390.9 875.2 486.1 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis giganteus Moa 375 759 470 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis giganteus Moa 329 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis hercules Moa 353 779.8 420.3 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis ingens Moa 340 737 417 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis ingens Moa 348 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis maxiumus Moa 406.1 866.6 463.4 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis maxiumus Moa 470 990 518 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis novaezealandiae Moa 340.5 701.7 368.1 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis novaezealandiae Moa 285 585 295 YPM 9892 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis novaezealandiae Moa 280 540 296 YPM 9207 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis novaezealandiae Moa 278 560 313 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis robustus Moa 354.5 718.6 382.6 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis sp. Moa 225 390 168 YPM-PU acc. W.8095 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis struthoides Moa 265 520.7 282.2 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis struthoides Moa 300 600 315 YPM 9891 Holtz (1994) * * Dinornis torosus Moa 295.3 588.4 303.1 Cracraft (1976) * * * Dinornis torosus Moa 330 650 334 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus Moa 272.8 464.2 213.6 Cracraft (1976) * * * Emeus crassus Moa 285 450 225 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus Moa 260 460 215 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus Moa 260 450 188 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus Moa 255 422 190 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus Moa 245 435 200 Holtz (1994) * * Emeus crassus CM XI Moa 287 493 220 MCZ * * Emeus huttonii VIIIA Moa 244 397 187 MCZ * * Euryapteryx curtus Moa 167.6 268.8 124.7 Cracraft (1976) * * * Euryapteryx curtus AM4 Moa 179 286 136 MCZ * * Euryapteryx exilis Moa 198.2 331.7 148.4 Cracraft (1976) * * * Euryapteryx exilis AM6 Moa 205 347 152 MCZ * * Euryapteryx geranoides Moa 236.6 387.6 174.8 Cracraft (1976) * * * Euryapteryx geranoides Moa 280 472 210 YPM 9886 Holtz (1994) * * Euryapteryx geranoides Moa 268 455 205 YPM 9830 Holtz (1994) * * Euryapteryx geranoides Moa 231 411 175 Holtz (1994) * * Euryapteryx gravis Moa 280.2 475.2 209.6 Cracraft (1976) * * * Euryapteryx gravis riverton Moa 315 520 217 MCZ * * Euryapteryx tane Moa 190.7 328 149 Cracraft (1976) * * * Megalapteryx benhami Moa 293 454 MCZ * * Megalapteryx didinus Moa 245.7 385.3 179.4 Cracraft (1976) * * * Megalapteryx didinus Moa 265 405 190 Holtz (1994) * * Pachyornis elephantopus Moa 308.9 542.9 230.6 Cracraft (1976) * * * Pachyornis elephantopus Moa 329 574 242 MCZ 9.1.14 * * Pachyornis elephantopus Moa 320 525 225 YPM 9884 Holtz (1994) * * Pachyornis elephantopus Moa 295 485 210 YPM 9888 Holtz (1994) * * Pachyornis mappini Moa 206.3 365.5 156.3 Cracraft (1976) * * * Pachyornis mappini mangao Moa 203 336 156 MCZ * * Pachyornis oweni Moa 143 243 113 MCZ 384 * * Pachyornis pygmaeus Moa 155 Holtz (1994) * * Pachyornis septentrionalis Moa 174.1 291.7 133 Cracraft (1976) * * * Elephant Birds Aepyornis hild Elephant Bird 320 580 303 MCZ * * Aepyornis hild Elephant Bird 240 485 275 MCZ * * Aepyornis maximus Elephant Bird 465 810 480 MCZ * * Aepyornis maximus Elephant Bird 410 730 420 MCZ * * Aepyornis med Elephant Bird 368 680 380 MCZ * * Aepyornis med Elephant Bird 330 572 330 MCZ * * Aepyornis? Elephant Bird 470 MCZ * * Dromornithids Dromornis Dromornis 294 MCZ * * Geryornis 1 Geryornis 340 602 374 MCZ * * Geryornis newtoni Geryornis #2 345 348 Holtz (1994) * * Geryornis newtoni Geryornis #3 322 320 Holtz (1994) * * Geryornis newtoni Geryornis #4 89 93 ? Stirling & Zeitz (1913) * * Rheiformes - Rheas Rheas Rheidae Rhea americana Greater Rhea 190 322 264 187 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * 18.872 Rhea americana Greater Rhea 190 321 266 188 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * 20 Rhea americana Greater Rhea 210 318 325 260 184 77 MCZ 2083 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 210 319 306 Gatesy (1991) * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 210 330 320 YPM ost. 564 Holtz (1994) * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 110 163 147 YPM ost. 2234 Holtz (1994) * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 159 278 284 MCZ 689 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 83 134 119 MCZ 6552 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 215 325 320 260 72 MCZ 1631 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 187 278 285 225 YPM 6503 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 195 329 306 281 210 78 YPM 11524 * Rhea americana Greater Rhea 206 346 332 YPM 14047 * Casuariiformes - Cassowaries & Emus Cassowaries Casuariidae Casuaris bennetti Dwarf Cassowary 203 320 250 69 39 22 display * Casuarius casuarius Double-Wattled Cassowary 205 361 98.5 67.1 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Casuarius casuarius Double-Wattled Cassowary 203 356 98.9 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Casuarius casuarius Double-Wattled Cassowary 205 inc MCZ 121 * Casuarius casuarius Double-Wattled Cassowary 47.4 81.8 65.2 Juvenile YPM 6208 * Casuarius sp. Cassowary 218 350 295 72.3 42.4 23.8 YPM 4351 * Casuarius sp. Cassowary 198 323 264 62.9 35.1 21.4 YPM 2123 * Emus Dromiceidae Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 187 342 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 187 345 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 207 425 WS 80-675 * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 227 415 385 89 65 43 MCZ 198 * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 225 400 375 92 62 45 MCZ 1627 * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 243 465 404 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 228 451 380 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 241 451 407 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 234 436 401 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 228 403 375 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 218 390 389 Holtz (1994) * Dromecius novaehollandiae Emu 225 374 354 Holtz (1994) * Tinamiformes - Tinamous Tinamous Tinamidae Crypturellus boucardi Slaty-Breasted Tinamou 50.7 75.9 52 49 48.5 28.7 MCZ 2750 Crypturellus noctivagus Yellow-Legged Tinamou 58 86.4 59.5 58.2 54.9 32.5 MCZ 276 Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou 41 59 WS B 708 Eudromia elegans Elegant Crested Tinamou 56 77.1 46.6 inc MCZ 3064 Nothoprocta perdicaria Chilian Tinamou 48 65 WS 78-113 Nothura maculosa Spotted Nothura 42.4 62.3 39 43.3 41.3 24.7 1653 Rhynchotus rufescens Red-Winged Tinamou 72.6 98.5 65 MCZ 1633 Rhynchotus rufescens Red-Winged Tinamou 70 95 59 YPM acc. 2041 Holtz (1994) Tinamus major Great Tinamou 65 98.2 69 75 72.2 42.6 MCZ 2774 Tinamus tao Grey Tinamou 70 108 70.8 80 80.9 45.8 MCZ 3705 Podicipediformes - Grebes Grebes Podicipedidae Aechmophorus occidentalis Western Grebe 44.7 110.8 68 113.2 98.3 50.7 2951 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 33.6 77 46.9 77.8 68.3 34.3 6429 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 31.4 70.3 44.5 74.4 64.2 32.4 7099 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 30.8 70.7 43.3 75.3 66 31.7 7163 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 32.5 73.3 46.1 77.2 67.3 35.2 6044 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 33.2 77.1 48.4 79.7 70.3 34.3 2726 Podiceps caspicus Grebe 31.7 66.6 41.7 69.6 63.4 31.9 6070 Podiceps caspicus Grebe 30.3 64.3 38.9 69.2 61.1 29.8 4076 Podiceps caspicus Grebe 29.8 63.9 40.8 69.4 62 31.3 4080 Podiceps grisegena Red-Necked Grebe 46 109 WS 91-244 1.07 Podiceps grisegena Red-Necked Grebe 46 107.5 61.9 117.2 102.9 46.6 1015 Podiceps occipitalis Silvery Grebe (m) 32.2 66.2 60.8 29.4 Livezey (1989) * * 0.335 Podiceps occipitalis Silvery Grebe (f) 31.7 65.6 61.1 28.8 Livezey (1989) * * 0.307 Podiceps taczanowskii Junín Grebe (f) 34.3 67.1 61 29.1 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.36 Podiceps taczanowskii Junín Grebe (m) 35.7 71.5 64.1 30.6 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.423 Podilymbus gigas Atitlán Grebe (f) 42 79.7 71.8 33.7 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.569 Podilymbus gigas Atitlán Grebe (m) 45 85.8 76.6 36.9 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.831 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe 37.1 63.1 37.5 68.1 61.1 31.5 7648 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe (m) 37.9 75.8 70 33.9 Livezey (1989) * * 0.452 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe (f) 36.6 71.7 66.4 31.8 Livezey (1989) * * 0.327 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe 40.4 72.7 41.6 77.6 71.9 - Storer (1976) * * Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe (Fossil Male) 41.1 71.6 41.9 Storer (1976) * * Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe (Fossil Female) 36.6 64.8 37.4 69.6 62.7 33.2 Storer (1976) * * * Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe 41.8 75.3 43.9 79.3 71.8 36.2 1466 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe 36.2 63.2 36.9 67.6 60.9 30.7 7647 Rollandia microptera Titicaca Grebe (m) 44.1 71.6 54.6 29 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.707 Rollandia microptera Titicaca Grebe (f) 42.4 67.4 52 27.6 Livezey (1989) * * * 0.706 Rollandia rolland White-tufted Grebe (m) 31.6 57.2 51 26.3 Livezey (1989) * * 0.248 Rollandia rolland White-tufted Grebe (f) 30.7 55.7 49.9 25.3 Livezey (1989) * * 0.424 Gaviiformes - Loons Loons Graviidae Gavia immer Common Loon 61.8 150 93.6 198 158 100.1 1432 Gavia immer Common Loon 60.3 150.4 94.2 200 160 106 1658 Gavia immer Common Loon 56.4 143.3 90.2 192 158 101 1661 Gavia immer Common Loon 51.1 134 85.3 177 144 90.5 2148 Gavia immer Common Loon 58 141.1 87.8 194 151 88 2593 Gavia immer Common Loon 60 146 91.7 196 155 102.5 3030 Gavia immer Common Loon 55.9 135 86.3 180 139 91.9 7019 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.7 140 87.1 187 150 96 7103 Gavia immer Common Loon 49.8 134 81.6 170 138 90.1 7893 Gavia immer Common Loon 60.5 155 97 198 159 104 7894 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.6 145 95 195 157 108 7895 Gavia immer Common Loon 65.9 160 101 207 167 113 7896 Gavia immer Common Loon 49.5 127 82.2 167 132 86.4 7903 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.3 146 92.5 199 156 100.8 7904 Gavia immer Common Loon 59.8 151 95 196 153 99.9 7905 Gavia immer Common Loon 62.1 150 93.2 192 155 102 7912 Gavia immer Common Loon 54.1 140 85 177 141 95.2 7913 Gavia immer Common Loon 59.1 144 91.8 195 153 99.7 7914 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.6 147 91.3 185 153 96.7 7915 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.8 149 93.6 200 160 105.4 7916 Gavia immer Common Loon 56.5 146 88.3 191 151 99.6 7917 Gavia immer Common Loon 56.5 145 92.4 194 154 102.1 7918 Gavia immer Common Loon 56.9 140 91 190 151 100.4 7919 Gavia immer Common Loon 61.3 154 95.1 204 163 105 7920 Gavia immer Common Loon 55.5 146 91.1 193 155 99.2 7921 Gavia immer Common Loon 52.8 135 84.3 180 145 93.3 7939 Gavia immer Common Loon 54.1 138 88.6 180 145 96 7940 Gavia immer Common Loon 55.9 138 88.5 181 154 99 7941 Gavia immer Common Loon 55.9 140 89.2 194 157 98.9 7942 Gavia immer Common Loon 63.5 154 101.8 211 167 111 7943 Gavia immer Common Loon 57.3 138 89.1 185 145 93.4 7944 Gavia immer Common Loon 62.3 153 100.1 210 165 108.8 7945 Gavia immer Common Loon 62.9 160 97.7 208 167 110 7946 Gavia immer Common Loon 65.8 155 96.1 211 164 108.5 7947 Gavia immer Common Loon 63.5 151 93.2 205 158 104.1 7948 Gavia immer Common Loon 55.3 140 88.6 184 148 95.9 7950 Gavia immer Common Loon 58.8 146 94.2 192 153 100.5 7951 Gavia immer Common Loon 53.1 131 82.9 176 139 91.4 7952 Gavia immer Common Loon 50.2 129 82.2 173 136.4 90.7 7956 Gavia immer Common Loon 64.2 159 98 208 171 109 7957 Gavia immer Common Loon 57 WS 91-173 4.134 Gavia sp.? Loon 182 142 91 417 Gavia sp.? Loon 51.1 131.3 83.3 176 138 91 899 Gavia stellata Red-Throated Loon 36.7 113.6 70.9 140.5 111.4 76.7 7009 Gavia stellata Red-Throated Loon 38.6 113.9 71.6 138.3 107.8 73.1 6996 Gavia stellata Red-Throated Loon 40.3 114.4 72.4 136.6 108.6 67 6531 Gavia stellata Red-Throated Loon 38.3 110.7 70.9 128.5 104.5 70.7 6913 Sphenisciformes - Penguins Penguins Spheniscidae Aptenodytes patagonica King Penguin 92.9 170 43.2 110 82.2 68 7208 * Aptenodytes patagonica King Penguin 115 176 46.7 115 83.5 71.2 7478 * Aptenodytes patagonica King Penguin 100.6 186.6 47.6 117.4 84.7 72.5 Simpson (1946) * * Aptenodytes patagonica King Penguin 116 92 72 YPM 2351 * Eudyptes chrysolophus Macaroni Penguin 63.3 108.3 26.1 59.4 44.2 35.3 6022 * Eudyptes crestatus Rockhopper Penguin 66.5 105.6 27.2 59.4 44.4 37.9 6428 * Eudyptula minor Little Penguin 52.2 77.2 23.6 46.7 31.3 25.3 6025 * Eudyptula minor Little Penguin 48.9 73.9 22.4 45 30 25.5 1451 * Eudyptula minor Little Penguin 50.2 70.1 23.2 49.7 33.3 25.5 YPM 13356 * Megadyptes antipodes Yellow-Eyed Penguin 80.5 120.5 35.5 73.7 57.7 43.7 YPM 13392 * Palaeospheniscus gracilis Fossil Penguin 63 33 70.3 49.3 43.1 Simpson (1946) * * * Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Fossil Penguin 38.5 75.2 57.3 51.2 Simpson (1946) * * * Palaeospheniscus robustus Fossil Penguin 42 83.7 62.7 58.9 Simpson (1946) * * * Paraptenodytes antarcticus Fossil Penguin 115.9 178 53.4 114.1 Simpson (1946) * * * Spheniscus demersus Jackass Penguin 70.4 101.1 28.5 67.1 47.6 39.9 YPM 15882 * Spheniscus humboldti Humboldt's Penguin 75.9 113.2 32.1 69.2 46.5 39.7 7040 * Spheniscus humboldti Humboldt's Penguin 77.9 112.7 32.3 70.8 47.9 40.3 6957 * Spheniscus humboldti Humboldt's Penguin 83.2 119.7 34.7 76.1 50.8 42.1 7571 * Spheniscus mendiculus Galapagos Penguin 56.3 83.7 22.9 54.2 37.1 30.5 3638 * Spheniscus sp. Penguin 70.5 104 32.3 67 47 44.7 142(5) * Penguin 79 110 30 MCZ * Procellariiformes - Tube-Nosed Swimmers Albatrosses Diomedeidae Diomedea chrysostoma Grey-Headed Albatross 82 157 84 264 263 104 5006 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 109 224 126 438 447 150 408 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 98 197 109 394 397 145 2481 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 99 202 107 398 405 142 6191 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 405.9 400.5 138.3 Campbell & Tonni * Diomedea immutabilis Laysan Albatross 78 154 89 247 256 99 3050 Diomedea immutabilis Laysan Albatross 71 142 88 257 252 102 2959 Diomedea nigripes Black-Footed Albatross 75 157 94 287 287 108 2999 Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross 97 165 93 242 230 98 2949 Phoebetria palpebrata Light-Mantled Sooty Albatross 68 136 78 235 239 92 2953 Shearwaters Procellariidae Daption capense Cape Pigeon 37.7 73.5 44.9 97.5 80.7 42.4 3873 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 37.7 73.6 45.7 89.1 83.4 42.3 6056 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 84 78.8 42 6496 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 36 72 43 88 79 40 6970 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 38 76 46 89 82 44 2955 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 45 87 WS 50-50 0.392 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 41.8 76.4 44.6 97.2 90.3 47.5 4079 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 42 72 49 106 98 50 4078 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 41 77 47 102 96 49 4090 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 44 85 51 107 102 51 5011 Storm Petrels Hydrobatidae Fregatta grallaria White-Bellied Storm Petrel 17.5 47.5 36 25.5 21.5 17 6756 Fregatta grallaria White-Bellied Storm Petrel 17.5 48 35 25.5 21.5 17 6752 Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Petrel 15 47 34 22.5 19.5 15.5 2984 Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Petrel 15.5 47 34.5 23 19.5 15.5 6722 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm Petrel 15 34 WS 73-96 0.044 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm Petrel 15.5 34.5 24 37 35 21 7883 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm Petrel 17 35 26 37.5 35.5 21 6058 Diving Petrels Pelecanoididae Pelecanoides urinatrix Common Diving Petrel 24.8 47 31 56.9 52.3 29.7 1430 Pelecanoides urinatrix Common Diving Petrel 44.7 34.6 25.2 6141 Pelecaniformes - Pelicans Tropic-birds Phaëthontidae Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropic-bird 29.1 43.8 22 81.8 83.3 42.3 2073 Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropic-bird 85.1 86.7 43.5 1798 Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropic-bird 30.5 46.1 22.2 83.8 85 42.5 1765 Pelicans Pelecanidae Pelecanus erythrorhnchos American White Pelican 108.4 183 126.4 315 347 143 7480 Pelecanus erythrorhnchos American White Pelican 119 181 121 317 344 150 2914 Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican 75.7 111.5 254 300 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican 76.6 111.7 302 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican 92 132 WS 83-293 2.375 Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican 88.1 119.8 78.5 271 315 126 1448 Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican 90.8 122.1 80.2 268 323 125 1956 Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax africanus Cormorant 38.5 64.3 99.7 99.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Phalacrocorax africanus Cormorant 38.6 64.3 100.1 98.3 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Phalacrocorax auritus Double-Crested Cormorant 56.9 101.3 60.1 140.5 147.1 Owre (1967) * * Phalacrocorax auritus Double-Crested Cormorant 60.9 98.5 60.6 141.5 144.3 67.9 7537 Phalacrocorax bougainvilli Guanay Cormorant 56.5 107.5 60.7 153.5 163 67.6 6953 Phalacrocorax carbo Common Cormorant 61.7 105.7 65 160 166 76.1 1447 Phalacrocorax penicillatus Brandt's Cormorant 56 108 WS 48-348 2.426 Phalacrocorax urile Red-faced Cormorant 64.2 107.4 57 139.5 146 65.7 722 Compsohalieus harrisi Galapagos Cormorant (m) 71.2 146.5 72.5 101.6 82.9 41.4 Livezey (1992) * * 3.958 Compsohalieus harrisi Galapagos Cormorant (f) 63.9 132.9 67.3 92 75.7 39.6 Livezey (1992) * * 2.715 Compsohalieus penicillatus Brandt's Cormorant (m) 62.3 127.6 66.2 147.6 156.6 65 Livezey (1992) * 1.915 Compsohalieus penicillatus Brandt's Cormorant (f) 57.5 119.8 62.7 137.7 145.3 60.9 Livezey (1992) * 1.677 Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant (m) 43.6 70.6 39.7 107.3 111.3 54.6 Livezey (1992) * 0.816 Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant (f) 41.2 67.4 37.8 102.9 107.3 52.3 Livezey (1992) * 0.729 Hypoleucus auritus Double-Crested Cormorant (m) 59.1 110.4 64.3 152.1 160.8 72.6 Livezey (1992) * 2.222 Hypoleucus auritus Double-Crested Cormorant (f) 55.4 104.8 62.6 143.6 152.2 70 Livezey (1992) * 1.9 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant (m) 66.7 123.2 69.1 169.3 178.9 80.8 Livezey (1992) * 2.653 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant (f) 59.1 110 64 155.6 165.8 75.5 Livezey (1992) * 2.184 Leucocarbo bougainvilli Guanay Shag (m) 57 125.4 68.1 156.7 170.6 68.3 Livezey (1992) * Leucocarbo bougainvilli Guanay Shag (f) 56.2 123.2 66.4 154.3 168.6 66.7 Livezey (1992) * 2.2 Notocarbo atriceps King Shag (m) 59.6 119.6 62.6 142.6 152.6 64.4 Livezey (1992) * 2.386 Notocarbo atriceps King Shag (f) 58 116 61 138 147.2 62.8 Livezey (1992) * 2.026 Stictocarbo magellanicus Rock Shag (m) 54.7 93.9 51.3 116.6 124.2 55.7 Livezey (1992) * 1.461 Stictocarbo magellanicus Rock Shag (f) 53.3 91.2 51.1 114.1 119.7 55.3 Livezey (1992) * 1.297 Stictocarbo urile Red-Faced Shag (m) 63.7 114.5 56.9 137.8 147.8 65.7 Livezey (1992) * 2.259 Stictocarbo urile Red-Faced Shag (f) 57.6 104.4 52.8 125.6 134.1 60.7 Livezey (1992) * 1.789 Compsohalieus perspicillatus Spectacled Cormorant 74.6 136.9 70.1 172.8 189.2 76.9 Livezey (1992) * Anhingas Anhingidae Anhinga anhinga American Darter 55.6 89.2 41.2 124.4 111.4 Owre (1967) * * Anhinga anhinga American Darter 54.4 80.2 40.9 108 103.1 60.5 1483 Anhinga anhinga American Darter 59.4 87.5 60 130.5 111.8 65.2 3615 "Boobie, Gannets" Sulidae Morus bassanus Northern Gannet 71.8 99.5 58.2 218 185 90.2 3443 Sula dactylatra Blue Faced Booby 59 WS 89-2 1.509 Sula sp. Booby 56.4 79.3 51.1 173 182 79.7 455 Sula variegata Peruvian Booby 54.9 78.5 46.6 153 156 71 6959 Frigate-birds Fregatidae Fregata aquila Ascension Frigatebird 51 67 19 186 238 114 1354 Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird 52 70 WS 62-49 1.358 Fregata sp. Frigatebird 43.8 62.4 18 150 190 92 Ciconiiformes - Herons & Flamingoes Herons & Bitterns Ardeidae Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron 92 228 152 164 174 82.8 3706 Ardea goliath Goliath Heron 103 277 208 201 235 107 1452 Ardea goliath Goliath Heron 116 220 167 197 211 96 202 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 95 217 WS 48-348 1.816 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 103.5 240 173 195 221 102 7038 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 100 238 174 190 207 100 1970 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 97.4 242 177 188 217 101 2473 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron 81.7 170 135.1 151 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Ardea purpurea Purple Heron 81.7 171 134.8 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Ardea sumatrana Dusky-grey Heron 99.4 195 129 204 Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron 75.7 83.4 43.2 7237 Botarus stellaris Eurasian Bittern 101 155 99 138 144 77 2064 Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern 81 135 94 114 119 67 1759 Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern 83 135 95 113 120 65 1499 Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern 75 130 92 105 112 68 1279 Butorides striata Striated (Green) Heron 47.8 72 48.5 65.9 67.4 34.5 3573 Butorides striata Striated (Green) Heron 46.8 74.4 46 62.1 65.9 34.8 5014 Butorides virescens Green Heron 51.4 85 54.4 72.4 78.2 42 1860 Egretta alba Great Egret 75 195 148 144 166 76 6731 Egretta alba Great Egret 83 206 158 155 178 84 6954 Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron 53.1 121.3 91.3 92.4 104.8 52.8 6977 Egretta gularis Western Reef Heron 57 122.5 88.8 100.3 108.7 56.6 226 Egretta thula Snowy Egret 57 137 96.6 100.6 114.4 54.6 7301 Egretta thula Snowy Egret 53.6 133.2 90.4 94.1 108.5 53.4 7616 Egretta thula Snowy Egret 48.4 123 86.9 85.9 100.5 47.9 3821 Nycticorax sp. Night Heron 63.5 131.3 97.6 105.7 118.4 58.6 7000 Pilherodias pileatus Capped Heron 49.5 78.2 52.5 66.9 70.2 36.3 3830 Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger Heron 70.9 122.4 92.6 98.1 107.6 52.5 3831 Boatbill Heron Cochleariidae Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-Billed Heron 68 119 78 99 110 52 3517 Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-Billed Heron 65 112 73 93 101 48 2201 Whalehead Stork Balaenicipitidae Hammerhead Scopidae Storks Ciconiidae Ciconia nigra Black Stork 90 267 212 206 222 113 6997 Ciconia nigra Black Stork 86 250 218 202 224 112 6747 Ciconia nigra Black Stork 79 218 178 180 205 97 290 Ciconia maguari Maguari Stork 223 246 106 7483 Ibis ibis Stork 83 229 188 158 178 84 288 Ibis ibis Stork 89 250 211 176 204 96 6740 Ibis ibis Stork 96 272 180 217 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Ibis ibis Stork 96 269 181 216 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Ibis sp. Ibis sp. 106 263 236 199 220 97 1745 Jabiru mycteria Jabiru 109 370 322 237 262 119 1377 Leptoptilus crumeniferus Marabou Stork 105 289 224 238 299 125 338 Leptoptilus dubius Greater Adjutant Stork 122 356 282 278 373 163 337 Mycteria americana Wood Stork 92 268 205 2180 Mycteria americana Wood Stork 82 227 186 163 195 92 3442 Xenorhynchus asiaticus Black-Necked Stork 102 350 301 216 245 107 261 Ibises & Spoonbills Threskiornithidae Ajaia ajaja Roseate Spoonbill 73 156 109 134 151 74 6534 Ajaia ajaja Roseate Spoonbill 69 148 99 129 143 69 6533 Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis 59 127 89 92 101 54 7528 Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis 56 115 81 89 96 52 7446 Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis 57 124 90 92 100 55 6741 Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis 55 115 78 90 97 51 6987 Guara rubra Guara rubra 55 115 81 90 100 51 3450 Guara rubra Guara rubra 58 120 80 91 94 50 1378 Guara rubra Guara rubra 57 115 83 92 93 53 326 Plagadis sp. Ibis 53 129 101 90 97 52 6955 Platalea leucoroidia Eurasian Spoonbill 85 195 149 145 161 80 1468 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis 59 133 101 92 99 54 6983 Plegadis falcinellus? Glossy Ibis 54 136 97 95 99 55 7288 Theristicus melanopis Black-Faced Ibis 60 112 75 115 122 65 206 Theristicus melanopis Black-Faced Ibis 65 140 99 121 132 66 295 Flamingoes Phoenicopteridae Pheonicopterus antiquarum Flamingo 90.8 367 351 206 218 97 1445 Pheonicopterus antiquarum Flamingo 85.5 286 269 193 202 92 289 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 0.1 0.5 0.4 Howell (1965) * Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 85.6 344 327 188 197 88 7731 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 94.9 361 340 212 221 105 7572 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 83 284 262 182 191 87 7053 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 90 352 313 204 215 97 6736 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 78 290 264 180 191 87 1939 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 89 335 321 191 198 93 2950 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 88 347 329 196 208 94 2884 Anseriformes - Water Fowl Screamers Anhimidae Anhima cornuta Horned Screamer 99 184 126 213 238 106 "(young?, mc disart) 1387" Anhima cornuta Horned Screamer 92 166 113 183 181 90 "(young?, mc disart) 6993" Chauna chavaria Northern Screamer 95 177 126 175 192 94 307 "Swans, Geese, Ducks" Anatidae Aix sponsa Wood Duck 40 62 35 67 51 43 7372 Aix sponsa Wood Duck 38 63 WS 52-15 0.67 Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose 75 140 87 138 126 83 260 Anas clypeata Common Shoveler 49 65 34 73 58 44.5 7105 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 48 78 43 89 67 56 1898 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 41 67 37 74 56 45 1914 Anas rubripes North American Black Duck 48 75 42 89 70 56 2850 Anas specularoides Crested Swan 56 87 49 95 78 58 3053 Anser caerulescens Snow Goose 69 124 74 138 129 75 1883 Anser erythropus Lesser White-Fronted Goose 87 148 85 181 164 104 330 Anser fabalis Bean Goose 75 127 74 147 131 83 262 Aythya americana Redhead Duck 43 WS 83-167 0.322 Aythya marila Greater Scaup 44 70 35 79 64 43 1471 Biziura lobata Musk Duck 62 108 50 104 88 60 2067 Branta canadensis Canada Goose 89 148 94 185 164 104 6738 Branta canadensis Canada Goose 78 140 85 170 153 95 7645 Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose 71 123 74 142 127 80 6931 Bucephala albeola Bufflehead 40 59 33 64 52 37 1915 Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck 58 90 49 110 88 68 1901 Callonetta leucophrys Ringed Teal 33 53 32 60 50 38 7445 Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cereopsis Goose 81 146 95 168 157 90 7095 Chendytes lawi Fossil Seaduck 71.3 149.2 66.8 68.1 24.9 24.5 Livezey (1993) * * * * Chendytes milleri Fossil Seaduck 61.7 59.2 71.1 31.4 Livezey (1993) * * * * Chloëphaga picta Magellan Goose 88 159 97 162 147 89 3031 Clangula hyemalis Long-Tailed Duck 40 64 32 70 58 44 6497 Cnemiornis calcutrans Cnemiornis 115.9 158 63.2 * * Cygnus atratus Black Swan 84 141 93 163 149 95 6936 Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter Swan 119 212 303 295 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan 107 188 110 269 260 132 335 Cygnus [columbianus?] Whistling Swan 114 212 113 310 275 145 3544 Dendrocygna autumnalis Red-Billed Whistling Swan 50 87 56 92 93 52 273 Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck 49 84 52 95 93 49 7071 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck 44 70 38 69 55 43 2957 Melanitta fusca White Winged Scoter (m) 59.1 105 51.1 104.7 93.2 60 Livezey (1993) * * Melanitta fusca White Winged Scoter (f) 55.5 98.9 47.6 98.3 88.5 57.3 Livezey (1993) * * Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter 55 90 47 96 83 58 6956 Merganetta armata Torrent Duck 35 65 38 53 40 27 5094 Mergus caster Merganser? 53 83 46 86 62 44 1436 Mergus merganser Common Merganser 49 87 WS 78-468 1.443 Mergus merganser Common Merganser 51.4 84 45.3 85 60.5 43.7 1436 Mergus merganser Common Merganser 51.5 85.9 47.6 102.1 78.6 61.8 318 Mergus serrator Red-Breasted Merganser 49 83 47 90 70 52 2835 Netta peposaca Rosybill 51 82 40 94 75 53 2988 Oxyura australis Australian Blue-Billed Duck 46 73 37 78 62 36 1437 Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck 37 70 WS 42-181 0.484 Plecopterus gambensis Spur-Winged Goose 96.6 173 112.8 178 158 94.5 196 Somateria mollissima Common Eider (m) 66.8 113.3 55.5 118.5 104.7 72 Livezey (1993) * * Somateria mollissima Common Eider (f) 65.6 109 53.1 110 100.3 68.7 Livezey (1993) * * Somateria mollissima Common Eider 67 110 50 110 89 67 7453 Tachyeres brachypterus Falkland Island Flightless Steamer Duck 76 120 61 114 85 62 2204 * Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck 57 102 68 113 101 69 7538 Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser (m) 40.3 65.4 67.8 55.5 40.8 Livezey (1989) * * Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser (f) 37.8 62 64.9 53.1 39.2 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus australis Auckland Islands Merganser (m) 45.5 72.1 57.7 40.7 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus australis Auckland Islands Merganser (f) 42.8 77.3 68.3 54.8 38.7 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus serrator Red-Breasted Merganser (m) 47 87.1 88.2 72.8 51.4 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus serrator Red-Breasted Merganser (f) 43.6 81.3 81.6 68.1 47.9 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus merganser Common Merganser (m) 53.7 97.2 96.4 81.4 58.7 Livezey (1989) * * Mergus merganser Common Merganser (f) 48.3 87.9 88.2 74.2 53.1 Livezey (1989) * * Tachyeres patachonicus Flying Steamer Duck (m) 124.1 96.2 67.2 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * 2.958 Tachyeres patachonicus Flying Steamer Duck (f) 118 91.7 63.5 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * 2.346 Tachyeres leucocephalus White-Headed Flightless Steamer Duck (m) 122.5 94.4 66.3 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 3.808 Tachyeres leucocephalus White-Headed Flightless Steamer Duck (f) 115.8 90.2 62.4 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 3.013 Tachyeres brachypterus Falkland Flightless Steamer Duck (m) 124.1 91.7 66 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 4.2 Tachyeres brachypterus Falkland Flightless Steamer Duck (f) 117.1 87.7 62.4 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 3.45 Tachyeres pteneres Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck (m) 132.6 95.5 68.9 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 5.394 Tachyeres pteneres Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck (f) 125.1 90.2 64.6 Livezey & Humphrey (1986) * * 4.228 "Falconiformes - Hawks, Eagles & Vultures" American Vultures Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture 69.8 119.3 64.5 150 169.5 82.8 Fisher (1946) * Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture 143.3 171.8 81.2 Campbell & Tonni * Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture 58 102 57 133 149 72 1372 Coragyps atratus Black Vulture 85.8 141.5 82 134 146 75 Fisher (1946) * Coragyps atratus Black Vulture 134 155.4 75.6 Campbell & Tonni * Coragyps atratus Black Vulture 78 128 73 124 132 69 3577 Gymnogyps californianus California Condor 138.5 210 114.7 266 293 132 Fisher (1946) * Gymnogyps californianus California Condor 273 315.5 140 Campbell & Tonni * Gymnogyps californianus California Condor 266 308 132 Campbell & Tonni * Sarcorhamphus papa King Vulture 100 165 99 169 197 89 Fisher (1946) * Sarcorhamphus papa King Vulture 167.4 205.3 88.2 Campbell & Tonni * Sarcorhamphus papa King Vulture 97 161 93 166 199 88 6960 Vultur gryphus Andean Condor 280.7 341 144.2 Campbell & Tonni * Vultur gryphus Andean Condor 280 340.6 139.5 Campbell & Tonni * Vultur gryphus Andean Condor 153.1 243 130.1 280 326 139.5 Fisher (1946) * Vultur gryphus Andean Condor 138 220 121 260 299 131 342 Secretary Birds Sagittariidae Sagittarius serpentarius Secretary Bird 100 283 272 183 178 89 1925 Saggitarius serpentarius Secretary Bird 97.1 174 178 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" 3.409 Saggitarius serpentarius Secretary Bird 107 270 258 179 175 86 YPM 14510 Ospreys Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus Osprey 79.6 126.6 54 Fisher (1946) * Pandion haliaetus Osprey 77 122 53 146 178 88 7607 Falcons & Caracaras Falconidae Falco columbarius Pigeon Hawk 45 60 WS 62-115 0.208 Falco jugger Laggar Falcon 70 90 56 88 97 59 294 Falco sparverius American Kestrel 36 49 33 45 46 26 7402 Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon 61 99 63 85 88 44 2931 Microcaster semitorquatus Collared Forest Falcon 69 103 87 Wing Destroyed 3379 Phalacoboenus australis Forsters Caracara 80 108 83 116 107 65 252 Polyborus plancus Common Caracara 65 106 89 104 104 55 1496 Polyborus plancus Common Caracara 67 104 88 103 102 58 2845 "Old World Vultures, Hawks, etc" Accipitridae Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk 71.2 69.6 39.9 Fisher (1946) Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk 75 97 WS 66-3 0.731 Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk 79 109 80 95 100 56 216 Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle 127.4 168.8 104.6 189.8 209.9 102.9 Fisher (1946) * Aquila chrysaetus Golden Eagle 122 170 107 181 201 102 1419 Astur atricapillus Astur atricapillus 96 98 51.1 Fisher (1946) Buteo jamaicensis Red-Tailed Hawk 113.7 128.8 64.1 Fisher (1946) Buteo jamaicensis Red-Tailed Hawk 82.7 113 113 128 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Buteo jamaicensis Red-Tailed Hawk 82.9 112 128 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Buteo jamaicensis Red-Tailed Hawk 84 114 87 118 130 66 7793 Buteo magnirostris Large-Billed Hawk 53 76 62 64 67 35 2743 Buteo rufinus Long-Legged Buzzard 71 111 74 114 118 61 6912 Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk 71 100 WS 67-32 0.788 Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier 69 103 82 96 107 57 1417 Elanus leucurus White-Tailed Kite 49 64 35 80 90 44 3430 Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk 71 108 80 77 80 40 3032 Gypaëtus barbatus Lammergeier 111 160 92 222 233 114 329 Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture 128 182 104 251 296 132 1412 Haliaeetus leucocephalus American Bald Eagle - 155 90 211 231 113 3519 Harpia harpyia Harpy Eagle 116 168 105 182 202 88 333 Hieraaëtus fasciatus Bonelli's Eagle 103 145 99 150 168 83 211 Leucopternis albicollis White Hawk 67 103 80 95 108 - CM missing 3333 Melierax [metabutes?] Dark Chanting Goshawk 71 106 87 95 95 50 7127 Milvus migranus Black Kite 57 79 53 109 120 60 241 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture 72 113 80 142 156 75 213 Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard 61 90 55 118 125 63 253 Spizaetus ornatus Ornate Hawk Eagle 88 124 90 115 129 60 2839 "Charadriiformes - Waders, Gulls & Auks" Jaçanas Jacanidae Actophilornis albinucha Madagascar Jacana 36.8 96.6 71.7 48.4 52.4 34.1 284 Jacana spinosa American Jacana 29.2 82.6 50.8 39.8 40.4 22.6 7013 Jacana spinosa American Jacana 28.5 81.2 55.5 40.4 42.1 23.2 6943 Jacana spinosa American Jacana 27.9 75.9 54.1 37.4 40.5 22.6 7060 Painted Snipes Rostratulidae Oystercatchers Haematopodidae Plovers & Lapwings Charadriidae Vanellus chilensis Chilian Lapwing 37.8 98.3 82.6 69.7 77.2 41.1 6928 Vanellus chilensis Chilian Lapwing 40.6 92.2 72.8 73.3 79.5 42.9 7010 Squatarola squatarola Black-Bellied Plover 34.9 68.1 51.5 54.3 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Squatarola squatarola Black-Bellied Plover 67.6 51.9 54.4 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Sandpipers Scolopacidae Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper 36.7 65.8 51.3 49.8 54 30.1 1246 Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper 36.3 63.6 53.2 49.7 53.6 31.1 2107 Limosa fedoa Marbled Godwit 44.5 96.4 75.9 76.4 80.9 44.8 1384 Numenius americanus Long-Billed Curlew 59.6 118.3 96.6 100.7 108.7 55 454 Numenius arquata Curlew 54.9 106.1 85.4 94.4 100.9 53.5 2108 Numenius arquata Curlew 54.6 105 80.8 95.6 99.1 53.5 1385 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs 25.9 64.2 53.7 40.4 42.3 3261 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs 27.7 64.6 52.1 42.7 44.1 25.5 2693 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs 26.7 63.5 50.1 40.7 42.5 25.8 2657 Stilts & Avocets Recurvirostridae Himantopus himantopus Black-Wing Stilt 31.9 114.4 104.6 51.9 54.3 31.8 MCZ Display 191 Himantopus himantopus Black-Wing Stilt 33.8 135 132 56.3 59.7 35.2 YPM 2192 Himantopus himantopus Black-Wing Stilt 34.2 129 124 59.8 62.3 36.8 YPM 5950 Himantopus leucocephalus Australian Stilt 28.7 101 78.5 50.4 51.1 28.7 YPM 13424 Himantopus mexicanus Black-Necked Stilt 32.4 124 119 56.4 60 32.6 YPM 6108 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 38 110 WS 49-526 0.356 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 36.8 108 90.7 69.5 68.8 39.8 33 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 38.3 120.3 86.7 70.4 70.7 41 31 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 36.6 107.4 82.7 65.7 66.1 39 29 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 40.1 115.1 97.9 70.4 73.9 43.5 3300 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 37.2 106.6 91.1 68.9 69.3 39.9 2760 Recurvirostra americana American Avocet 38.5 111.7 94.2 71.7 71.8 40.7 32 Phalaropes Phalaropodidae Phalaropus lobatus Red-Necked Phalarope 19.7 38.3 29.8 3534 Phalaropus lobatus Red-Necked Phalarope 15.9 32.1 21.1 28.2 28.3 18.1 2702 Phalaropus fulicarius Grey Phalarope 19.3 37.4 21.8 33.6 33 20.1 7369 Crab Plover Dromadidae Dromas ardeola Crab Plover 41.8 98.7 92.2 70.2 72.2 36.6 2991 Dromas ardeola Crab Plover Thick-Knees & Stone Curlews Burhinidae Burhinus magnirostris Australian Stone Curlew 58.6 142.6 129.8 99.9 104.8 46.9 285 Burhinus capensis Cape Dikkop 48.7 102.3 88.2 71.9 76.2 36.7 6978 Burhinus capensis Cape Dikkop 52.2 115.1 95.1 82.4 88.7 43.4 5077 Coursers & Pratincoles Glareolidae Seedsnipes Thinocoridae Sheathbills Chionididae Skuas & Jaegers Stercorariidae Catharacta skua Great Skua 63 109.2 72.5 140.3 137 70.5 358 Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Skua 34 65 WS 55-283 0.402 Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Skua 36.4 66.3 42.7 96.1 97.2 49.4 183 Gulls & Terns Laridae Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern 44 WS 88-18 0.681 Larus argentatus Herring Gull 58.3 116 70.5 139.9 148.5 78.3 2712 Larus atricilla Laughing Gull 36.7 73 51.7 91.7 100 52.5 7271 Larus glaucesens Glaucous Winged Gull 67 126 78 144 155 80 723 Larus heermanni Heermann's Gull 40 80 WS 64-98 0.395 Larus leucopterus Larus Leucopterus 55 99 60 118 125 67 2843 Larus merinus Great Black-Backed Gull 65.4 125.1 80.4 150.8 165 85.1 1617 Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull 79.3 87.8 48.4 6832 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake 35 64 32 83 88 48 1502 Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern 27 44 24 63 73 38 3375 Sterna hirundo Common Tern 24 40 20 54 62 33 2147 Sterna striata White-Fronted Tern 27 43 20 58 67 35 5015 Thallaseus maximus Royal Tern 38 64 33 88 106 53 1427 Skimmers Rhynchopidae Rynchops nigra Black Skimmer 34 55 30 75 91 46 1426 Auks Alcidae Alca torda Razorbill 45.6 71 32.4 77.2 60.1 41.6 3688 Alca torda Razorbill 42.5 73.7 33.2 78 61.7 41.9 2956 Alca torda Razorbill 42.9 71.4 35.9 77.9 60.9 40.4 2867 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot 36 62.9 32.5 60.2 49.7 34.6 2995 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot 59.2 49.1 33.8 4097 Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet 40.8 66.8 30.4 68.5 54.6 37.5 7676 Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet 41.2 66.1 30.9 69.9 55.2 38 7697 Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet 40.3 62.6 28 68.9 53.1 36.1 7696 Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin 38.9 62.4 27.3 64.4 49 33.5 2994 Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin 38.8 61.9 27.1 64.1 49 34.2 6006 Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin 36.1 56.6 26 58.9 44.6 31.4 1434 Fratercula cirrhata Tufted Puffin 47 75 WS 49-317 0.753 Mancalla californiensis Mancalla 29.7 17.1 Howard (1976) * * Mancalla cedrosensis Mancalla 73.5 29.3 15.6 Howard (1976) * * Mancalla diegense Mancalla 76.5 30.9 15.3 Howard (1976) * * Plautus alle Dovekie 27.8 46.2 20.1 43.2 33 22.8 3425 Plautus alle Dovekie 27.7 44.5 21.5 43.9 33 23.5 1865 Plautus alle Dovekie 28.8 45.9 20.9 43.2 34.4 23 1871 Plautus impennes Great Auk 71.2 130.3 50 104.2 56.2 45.1 MCZ Mount 1 * * Plautus impennes Great Auk 75.8 125.9 56.4 104.2 55.3 44.3 18220 * * Plautus impennes Great Auk 106.7 54.6 44.3 r wing * * Plautus impennes Great Auk 101.3 55 43.4 r wing * * Plautus impennes Great Auk 105 56.1 43.3 r wing * * Praemancalla lagunensis Miocene Auk 14 Howard (1976) * * Praemancalla wetmorei Miocene Auk 82.7 35.8 15.7 Howard (1976) * * Uria aalge Common Murre 45 85 WS 83-280 0.7 Uria aalge Common Murre 47.4 87.5 36.1 86.9 61.1 43.4 6991 Uria aalge Common Murre 48 86 38.1 86.3 62.5 43.3 2989 Uria aalge Common Murre 49 86.9 37.2 92 69.1 45.5 3690 Uria lomvia Thick-Billed Murre 46.6 82.6 36.6 87.7 66.8 45.4 7029 Uria lomvia Thick-Billed Murre 47.8 82.9 36 87.6 65.3 43.9 6925 Uria lomvia Thick-Billed Murre 48 86.8 37.9 92.1 69.8 46.9 7018 Columbiformes - Pigeons & Allies Sandgrouse Pteroclidae Dodos & Solitaries Raphidae Raphus cucullatus Dodo 0.327 0.452 0.221 * * Pigeons & Doves Columbidae Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon 47.6 71.5 41.5 58.5 63 39.2 6958 Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground Dove 23 33 WS 66-45 Columba aquatrix Olive Pigeon 41.7 53.7 26.6 50.6 52.8 35.6 6798 Columba cayennensis Rufous Pigeon 34.3 47.7 23.5 39.6 42.6 28.2 5012 Columba fasciata Band-Tailed Pigeon 41 55 WS 59-381 0.383 Columba livia Rock Dove 38.3 56.8 31.3 44.1 47.2 33 1250 Columba speciosa Scaled Pigeon 36.2 49.2 23.3 42.8 43.6 29 4062 Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground Dove 20.3 28.3 14 21.2 22.2 14 3514 Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon 43.7 56.9 28.8 55.9 57.8 36.3 7543 Ectopistes migratorius Ectopistes migratorius 40.6 53.8 27 42.4 44.2 30.5 2355 Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quaildove 32.6 50.2 29.6 34.5 37.8 24.3 2759 Leptoptila verreauxi White-Fronted Pigeon 32.2 49.7 30.7 34.2 35.4 22.9 3591 Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon 35.3 48 27.7 37.6 35.3 23.6 279 Zenaidura macrocoura Mourning Dove 26.2 36.2 19.9 31 32.4 21.8 2109 Zenaidura macroura Mourning Dove 27 39 WS 71-38 0.123 Psittaciformes - Parrots & Allies Parrots & Allies Psittacidae Amazona farinosa Mealy Amazon 53.5 74.5 24.7 65.3 74.7 46.2 3384 Amazona farinosa Mealy Amazon 54.8 77.3 25.8 66.7 77.3 47.5 3062 Amazona farinosa Mealy Amazon 51.8 71.4 23.9 64.8 72.1 42.9 2869 Ara macao Scarlet Macaw 63 88.4 32 87.4 104.1 69.8 3704 Ara macao Scarlet Macaw 58.1 78.9 29.3 78.6 92.7 61.3 6930 Ara macao Scarlet Macaw 62 84.3 30.2 82.2 97.4 59 2241 Calyptorhynchus magnificus Red-Tailed Cockatoo 52.4 74.1 24.5 78.8 91 59.2 359 Cacatua galerita Sulfur-Crested Cockatoo 59.2 84.6 26.4 87.5 97 53 1392 Cacatua galerita Sulfur-Crested Cockatoo 58.3 83.8 26.9 86.2 96.7 54 1974 Kakatoe leadbeateri Major Mitchell's Cockatoo 43.5 60.6 20.9 66.8 75.7 46.3 1991 Nestor meridionalis Kaka 53.6 87.1 36 65 68.3 49.3 1490 Pionus senilis White-Capped Parrot 37.8 50 17.4 42.9 48 33.3 2899 Pionus senilis White-Capped Parrot 37.6 49.1 17.1 42.1 47.8 32.5 2886 Poicephalus meyeri Meyer's Parrot 26 38 WS 61-102 0.125 Probisciger aterrionus Great Black Cockatoo 62 91.4 27.4 86.8 99.7 55.8 1491 Probisciger aterrionus Great Black Cockatoo 58.2 81.4 26.5 76.8 89.6 49.5 1369 Strigops habroptilus Kakapo 85.6 117.9 51.1 78.9 71.8 43.6 309 * Trichoglossus ornatus Ornate Lory 27.4 40.3 15.2 27.9 28.5 20.9 1926 Trichoglossus ornatus Ornate Lory 28.1 37.4 15.8 26 25.8 20.3 1929 Trichoglossus ornatus Ornate Lory 28.5 39.7 15.3 26.4 27.5 20.9 1997 Cuculiformes - Cuckoos & Allies Touracos Musophagidae "Cuckoos, Anis, Roadrunners, Coucals" Cuculidae Coccygus americanus Yellow-Billed Cuckoo 28 39.8 26.2 29.6 26.7 15.6 Berger (1952) * Coccygus erythropthalmus Black-Billed Cuckoo 26 37 WS 50-154 0.144 Coccygus erythropthalmus Black-Billed Cuckoo 26.4 36.9 24.8 27.9 24.7 14.6 Berger (1952) * Crotophaga sulcirostris Groove-Billed Ani 34 54 WS 63-40 Crotophaga sulcirostris Groove-Billed Ani 34.4 54.3 36.6 33.5 25.9 16.8 Berger (1952) * Geococcyx californianus Roadrunner 53.9 85 62.7 45.1 35.4 20 Berger (1952) * Geococcyx californianus Roadrunner 55 85 63 47 38 21 1495 Fossil Cuckoo Foratidae Foro panarium Foro panarium 54.1 88.4 61.3 52.5 44.5 26.7 Olson (1992) * Galliformes - Chickenlike Birds Megapodes Megapodiidae Macrocephalus maleo (cephalon?) Maleo fowl 85.4 127 91.1 85 86 45.8 355 "Curassows, Guans, Chachalacas" Cracidae Crax alberti Blue-Bellied Currasow 107 155 103 109 105 53 209 Crax mitu Razor-Billed Currasow 106 157 110 110 107 55 3575 Crax pauxi Northern Helmeted Currasow 110 169 113 110 111 56 2121 Ortalis vetula Plain Chachalaca 65.5 95 62 60 50 27.5 3099 Penelope purpascens Crested Guan 95 137 83 92 87 46 293 Penelopina nigra Highland Guan 108 163 107 118 113 54 2084 Grouse & Ptarmigans Tetraonidae Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 56.2 75 41.4 MCZ 3999 Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 52.8 75 41.2 49.1 41.9 28.1 7935 Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 56.6 78 41.6 51.9 43.3 27.4 7371 Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 27.3 36.2 22.1 3809 Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 53 75.6 42.1 49.5 42.3 27 6061 Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse 53 75.6 41.5 50.8 42.3 27.7 7666 Centrocercus urophasianus Sage Grouse 70.8 91.1 44.5 95.1 80.3 43.7 110 Centrocercus urophasianus Sage Grouse 71.4 90.9 49.2 87.7 85 46.6 1441 Falcipennis falcipennis Siberian Spruce Grouse (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Falcipennis falcipennis Siberian Spruce Grouse (f) 0.4 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan 60 79.7 40.6 MCZ 1469 Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Lagopus mutus Rock Ptarmigan (m) 0.4 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Lagopus mutus Rock Ptarmigan (f) 0.4 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Lagopus mutus Rock Ptarmigan 58.5 79.5 41.2 63.4 54.1 33.5 1469 Lyrurus tetrix Northern Black Grouse (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Lyrurus tetrix Northern Black Grouse (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaille 83.9 107.1 56 MCZ 315 Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaille (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaille (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaille 80.9 106.7 55 98.9 90 51.8 315 Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaille 131.1 119.7 67.6 314 Tetrastes bonasia Northern Hazel Grouse (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetrastes bonasia Northern Hazel Grouse (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetro urogalloides Western Capercaille (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetro urogalloides Western Capercaille (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tympanuchus cupido Prarie Chicken 62.3 82.1 45.7 65.6 55.4 34.9 2193 Tympanuchus cupido Prarie Chicken 66.1 89.5 45.7 MCZ 2196 Odontophorinae Callipepla squamata Scaled Quail 37.3 55.7 31.3 33.9 29.2 17.4 1254 Colinus nigrogularis Black Throated Bobwhite 36.7 50.2 29.9 32.5 26.6 17.3 5029 Colinus nigrogularis Black Throated Bobwhite 34.9 46.9 27.6 5030 Colinus virginianus Bobwhite 37.8 52.3 30.7 35.6 28.5 17.9 7347 Colinus virginianus Bobwhite 39.7 54 32.3 36.1 29.1 18.9 7337 Colinus virginianus Bobwhite 37 50 31 Gatesy (1991) 0.17 Dactylortyx thoracicus Singing Quail 37.4 33.4 18.9 2786 Lophortyx gambelli Gambel's Quail 37.9 55.4 32.5 33.1 26.9 17.5 7254 Odontophorus guttatus Spotted Wood Quail 50.3 70.3 45 43.8 39.3 23 2727 Odontophorus guttatus Spotted Wood Quail 47.1 67 42.7 42.5 38.3 20.9 2770 "Quail, Partridges, Pheasants" Phasianidae Alectoris chukar Chukar (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Alectoris chukar Chukar(f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Alectoris griseogularis See-see Partridge (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Alectoris griseogularis See-see Partridge (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Coturnix coturnix Common Quail (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Coturnix coturnix Common Quail (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) Coturnix coturnix Common Quail 34.5 42.1 25.7 33.6 26.7 18.8 3164 Coturnix coturnix Common Quail 34.4 44.2 26.6 33.8 27.1 18.7 3298 Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail 31.5 39.9 24.2 31.4 25.3 17.1 3037 Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Dendrogapus obscurus Blue Grouse 88 93 WS 54-202 1.275 Excalfactoria chinensis Painted Quail 27 30.5 19 Alexander (1983) 0.053 Excalfactoria chinensis Painted Quail 26 31 19 Gatesy (1991) * 0.045 Excalfactoria chinensis Painted Quail 27.3 33.8 21.1 25.9 20.3 13.8 7497 Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin (m) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Gallus gallus Chicken 91 128 94 MCZ Gallus 1388 Gallus gallus Chicken 84.6 120.6 81.8 Fisher (1946) * Gallus gallus Chicken 106 152 108 99.5 86.5 51 Large Chicken in Box Gallus gallus Chicken 22 31.1 23.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 21.5 30.2 23.4 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 22.2 31.2 23.2 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 22 30.5 26.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 25.7 35.1 26.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 25.7 36.6 27.2 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 24.8 34.1 25.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 30.2 42.6 31.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 31.3 43.1 31.2 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 30.6 42.8 32.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 30.1 41.3 31.1 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 34.5 47.6 35.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 36.2 51 37.7 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 35 47.7 34.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 47.7 68.4 52.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 45.9 62.3 45.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 44.4 61.1 47.1 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 44 61.9 47.1 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 44.2 63.7 48.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 42.5 59.8 44.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 45.3 63.8 49.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 54 76.5 60.7 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 56.8 82 64.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 52.6 73.8 57.2 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 56.9 80.2 61.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 68.7 101.8 78.4 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 70.7 106.7 84.1 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 69.8 102 78.4 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 70.3 102.7 80.4 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 85.4 127.5 98.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 89 136 104.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 77.1 114.1 84.5 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 83.5 123.8 89.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 86.6 134.1 99.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 90.2 138.3 106.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 77.8 118 86.2 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 76.5 114 83.4 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 88.6 139.2 102.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 88.7 136.3 102.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 75.3 116.3 83.6 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 76.6 114.6 82.8 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 87.4 134.4 99.9 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 81.7 124.9 92.3 Manion (1984) Gallus gallus Chicken 83 125.1 90.8 Manion (1984) Lophura sp? Pheasant 94.3 142 118 MCZ 3144 Palaeortyx brevipes Paleortyx 35.6 56.8 28 34.6 - 19.2 Mourer-Chauviré (1992) * * Palaeortyx gallica Paleortyx 41.4 59.7 30.6 41 42.1 20.6 Mourer-Chauviré (1992) * * * Paraortyx lorteti Paraortyx 41.9 52 33.5 40 36.8 21.1 Mourer-Chauviré (1992) * * * Pavo cristatus Peafowl 109 202 137 MCZ 7161 Pavo cristatus Peafowl 107 193 139 131 108 63 311 Pavo cristatus Peafowl 105 175 116 126 103 61 2651 Perdix dauurica Daurian Partridge (m) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Perdix dauurica Daurian Partridge (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Perdix perdix Gray Partridge(m) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) Perdix perdix Gray Partridge (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Phasianus colchicus Ring Necked Pheasant 88 93 WS 64-11 0.825 Phasianus colchicus Ring Necked Pheasant (m) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Phasianus colchicus Ring Necked Pheasant (f) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetraogallus altaicus Altai Snowcock (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetraogallus altaicus Altai Snowcock (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Tetraogallus caucasicus Caucasian Snowcock (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) Tetraogallus himalayensis Himalayan Snowcock (m) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Tetraogallus himalayensis Himalayan Snowcock (f) 0.3 0.4 0.2 Kuz'mina (1992) * Guineafowl Numididae Guttera edouardii Crested Guineafowl 78 112 77 74 64 38 2098 Numida meleagris Helmet Guineafowl 79 114 75 MCZ 1648 Numida meleagris Helmet Guineafowl 73 105 63 Gatesy (1991) * 1.52 Numida meleagris Helmet Guineafowl 79 113 94 79 66 38 1648 Turkeys Meleagrididae Agriocharis ocellata Ocellated Turkey 110 193 144.5 131 116.7 64.1 2878 Agriocharis ocellata Ocellated Turkey 101 177 131 119 108 61 3049 Agriocharis ocellata Ocellated Turkey 107 185 138 125 113 64 3046 Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey 111 193 141 MCZ 2878 Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey 127 200 144 144 129 73 7157 Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey 115 191 134 Gatesy (1991) 5.69 Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey 119 193 141 129 119 65 819 Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey 139 230 168 156 138 78 1494 Hoatzin Opisthocomidae Opisthocomus hoatzin Hoatzin 62.8 86.7 53.5 69 63.1 40.3 3617 Opisthocomus hoatzin Hoatzin 64.6 89.1 54.9 69.3 64.6 36.4 5084 Opisthocomus hoatzin Hoatzin 68 90 56 71 65 38 YPM 2437 Gruiformes - Cranes & Rails Mesitae Mesitornithidae Hemipodes Turnicidae Cranes Gruidae Anthropoides paradisea Stanley Crane 111 270 232 214 231 106 7481 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane 85 202 176 171 194 93 3036 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane 112 251 217 215 229 104 7569 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane 87 199 166 178 194 95 208 Balearica exigua Crowned Crane (Fossil) 80.2 ~151 125.3 149.5 169.8 82.2 Feduccia and Voorhies (1992) * * Balearica pavonina Crowned Crane 101 268 194 201 213 92 3601 Balearica pavonina Crowned Crane 98 266 179 198 206 94 2952 Balearica pavonina Crowned Crane 92 251 179 188 190 88 200 Grus antigone Sarus Crane 140 374 332 277 306 125 6600 Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane 108 224 WS 63-26 3.95 Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane 118 266 236 214 237 108 2483 Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane 126 286 255 235 255 121 7482 Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane 113 268 242 208 223 97 1336 Grus leucogeranus Great White Crane 128 357 299 266 287 123 339 Limpkin Aramidae Aramus scolpaceus Limpkin 74 167 126 103 106 58 3576 Aramus scolpaceus Limpkin 79 182 139 110 111 62 1383 Trumpeters Psophiidae "Rails, Gallinules, Coots" Rallidae Atlantisia rogersi Atlantisia 26 42 24 20 14 9 Lowe (1928) ? * Fulica americana American Coot 48 85 WS 42-40 0.454 Gallirallus australis Weka 72.5 102 60.2 53.5 37.3 28.4 YPM 13391 * Gallirallus australis Weka 74.1 110.2 66.9 55.2 39 29 YPM 13475 * Gallirallus australis Weka 67.1 99 58.7 50.5 35.1 25.7 YPM 13420 * Gallirallus australis Weka 77.8 113.7 68.2 56.2 38.1 28 YPM 13421 * Gallirallus australis Weka 76 112 67 59 38.3 29.9 YPM 556 * Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen 72.9 134.4 91.8 75.5 64.4 42.6 321 Finfoots Heliornithidae Kagu Rhynochetidae Seriemas Cariamidae Cariama cristata Red-Legged Seriema 107 97 50 1011 Cariama cristata Red-Legged Seriema 82 205 193 103 96 55 207 Sunbittern Eurypygidae Bustards Otidae Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard 72 136 101 135 144 70 194 Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard 59 114 82 109 112 58 297 Choriotus australis Australian Bustard 107 242 197 220 239 101 2856 Choriotus kori Kori Bustard 110 247 212 246 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Choriotus kori Kori Bustard 109 247 213 246 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Choriotus kori Kori Bustard 112 245 195 MCZ Chorio 2856 Choriotus kori Kori Bustard 246 262 118 2192 Messel Rails (Extinct) Messelornithidae Messelornis neartica Messelornis neartica 35 63 46 35.5 33.5 19 Hesse (1992) * Aptornis defosson Aptornis defosson 140 260 130 YPM acc. 347 Holtz (1994) * * Aptornis otidiformis Aptornis otidiformis 165 227 100 YPM acc. 717 Holtz (1994) * * Strigiformes - Owls Barn Owls Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn Owl 52 84 60 83 91 43 352 Tyto alba Barn Owl 50 90 64 84 90 43 656 Typical Owls Strigidae Aegolius acadica Saw-whet Owl 30.3 42.9 23 40 44.3 19.7 3772 Aegolius funereus Tengmalm's Owl 32.8 48 23.4 43.4 48.8 22 2828 Asio flammeus Short-Eared Owl 48.9 74.5 39.7 78.1 85.5 40.9 6053 Asio otus Long-Eared Owl 49.9 75.9 39.9 78.2 84.9 41 7534 Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle Owl 64 106 65 102 113 50 255 Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl 79 122 WS 82-732 1.318 Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl 82 124 63 130 143 65 2174 Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl 83 125 64 130 146 66 7017 Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl 49 77 44 77 85 37.5 3007 Glaveridium gnoma Burrowing Owl 27 37 WS 50-89 0.065 Nyctea scadiaca Snowy Owl 88 118 56 156 169 84 6933 Otus asio Screech Owl 41 57.5 34 54.5 58 28.5 3763 Otus asio Screech Owl 41.5 57.5 36 57.5 61 30 6009 Pulsatrix perspicata Spectacled Owl 64 98 51 109 116 50 3702 Speotyto cunicularia Burrowing Owl 40 69 52 61 73 35 270 Strix varia Barred Owl 77 113 63 114 120 56 1414 Strix varia Barred Owl 69 98 53 98 102 48 2934 Messel Owl Palaeoglaucidae Palaeoglaux artophoron Palaeoglaux artophoron - - 30.5 ~40 ~49 ~24 Peters (1992) * Caprimulgiformes - Goatsuckers Oilbird & Guacharo Seatornithidae Steatornis caripensis Oilbird 39 45.3 19.8 73.6 105 44.3 Frogmouths Podargidae Potoos Nyctibiidae Owlet-frogmouths Aegothelidae Podargus ocellatus Marbled Frogmouth 47.6 76.1 40.7 87.7 97 40.7 1400 Nightjars Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus ridgwayi Ridgeway's Whip-Poor-Will 21.5 32.7 18.5 31.3 36.4 20.2 2974 Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-Poor-Will 22 36 17 32 39.5 21.5 1402 Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-Poor-Will 20 30.5 18.5 31.5 37 19 2416 Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 20.7 28.7 38.6 46.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 20.9 28.8 38.9 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 21 30 WS 47-185 Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 27 36 17 43 49 28 7266 Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 21.5 29.5 14 40 47 25.5 3783 Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk 22.9 32.2 19 41.2 47 26.1 1480 Nyctidromus albicollis Pauraque 22.6 36.9 25.5 35 40.6 22.2 3422 Phalaenoptilus nuttalli Poorwill 20 32 WS 75-301 0.043 Apodiformes - Swifts & Hummingbirds Swifts Apodidae Apus apus Common Swift 18.7 25.5 10.4 12.2 17.7 20.7 2077 Apus apus Common Swift 16.5 24.8 11.4 12.9 16.5 20.4 349 Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift 9.3 15 7.6 Cohn (1968) * Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift 15.4 23.1 11.4 9.2 12.1 16.3 3118 Chaetura vauxi Vaux's Swift 15 22 WS 53-156 0.017 Crested Swifts Hemiprocnidae Hummingbirds Trochilidae Archilochus colubris Ruby-Throated Hummingbird 7.3 10.9 4.6 3.8 4 5.2 7644 Archilochus colubris Ruby-Throated Hummingbird 6.5 10.2 4.1 3.9 4 5.6 7397 Eugenes fulgens Rivoli's Hummingbird 10.9 15.8 6 Cohn (1968) 0.01 Florisuga mellivora White-Necked Jacobin 10.4 15 5.7 Cohn (1968) * 0.007 Glaucis hirsuta Rufous-Breasted Hermit 9.1 12.9 5.7 6.6 6.7 8.3 6140 Patagona gigas Giant Hummingbird 16 23.2 8.8 Cohn (1968) 0.021 Patagona gigas Giant Hummingbird 13.7 20.9 7.4 10.2 11.4 14.3 246 Phaethornis superciliosus Long-Tailed Hermit 8.4 5.1 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Phaethornis superciliosus Long-Tailed Hermit 8.4 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Selaspharus rufus Rufous Hummingbird 7 11 WS 68-67 0.002 Trogoniformes - Trogons Trogons Trogonidae Trogon massena Slaty-tailed Trogon 27.5 36 16.2 42.8 44.7 23 2769 Coraciiformes - Kingfishers & Allies Kingfishers Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 16.3 24.8 8.7 25 29.5 12.9 2721 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 13.6 20.4 7.6 19.9 23.7 9.7 84 Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra 36.5 54.2 24.2 64 76.6 32.4 2079 Halcyon chloris White-Collared Kingfisher 21 32 14.7 35.8 43.1 17.9 1777 Halcyon chloris White-Collared Kingfisher 21.3 33.7 16 34.9 42.9 16.8 7002 Halcyon chloris White-Collared Kingfisher 20.8 34.6 13.5 37.3 46.3 18.2 6907 Halcyon sancta Sacred Kingfisher 19.8 30.9 13.7 30.5 36.7 15.2 1802 Halcyon sancta Sacred Kingfisher 17.7 28.6 13.3 29.5 36.1 15 6768 Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher 25 37 WS 49-13 0.164 Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher 25.7 35.8 10.3 46.4 55.2 25.1 7285 Todies Todidae Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody Tyrant 10.2 20 10.3 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody Tyrant 19.8 10.1 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Motmots Momotidae Eumomota superficialis Motmot 20 32 WS 66-47 0.062 Momotus mexicanus Russet-Crowned Motmot 27.5 39.8 27.4 37.7 42.1 18.3 3065 Bee-eaters Meropidae Rollers Coraciidae Coracias garrulus Lilac-breasted Roller 26.8 39.8 38.6 46.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Coracias garrulus Lilac-breasted Roller 27.1 38.9 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Hoopoes & Woodhoopoes Upupidae Hornbills Bucerotidae Buceros rhinoceras Rhinoceros Hornbill 97 132 68.3 133 186 67 1446 Buceros bicornis Great Indian Hornbill 102 138 74.5 137 181 66.8 7859 Piciformes - Woodpeckers & Allies Barbets Capitonidae Honeyguides Indicatoridae Jacamars Galbulidae Puffbirds Bucconidae Monasa morphoeus White-Fronted Nunbird 21.8 31.9 18.4 30.7 40.4 15.4 6107 Toucans Ramphastidae Pteroglossus aracari Black-Necked Aracari 58.7 89 53.7 70 81 34 1498 Pteroglossus torquatus Collared Aracari 34 56 WS 65-128 Ramphastus toco Toco Toucan 58.7 89 53.7 70 81 34 6051 "Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, Piculets" Picidae Colaptes cafer Common Flicker 30.3 41.8 28 41 41.6 21.5 3624 Dendrocopus pubescens Downy Woodpecker 14.6 22.2 20.8 23.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Dendrocopus pubescens Downy Woodpecker 14.6 20.6 23.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker 35 47 WS 54-372 0.273 Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker 41.9 53.5 36 54.5 57.7 30.5 1396 Melanerpes lewis Lewis' Woodpecker 28 39 WS 54-169 0.117 Melanerpis erythrocephalus Red-Headed Woodpecker 30.5 40.7 27 38.5 39.6 19.5 1397 Picus viridis Green Woodpecker 40.8 43.7 21.5 346 Passeriformes - Perching Birds Eurylaimi - Broadbills Broadbills Eurylaimidae Calyptomina viridis Lesser Green Broadbill 24 35.2 21 27.3 32.2 17 7349 Eurylaimus ochromalus Black and Yellow Broadbill 18.5 30.9 20.3 20.1 22.6 12.8 2982 Tyranni - Tyrant Flycatchers Woodcreepers Dendrocolaptidae Certhis familiaris Brown Creeper 10.8 19 15.3 12.7 15.7 9 Norberg (1979) * * Dedrocolaptes certhia Barred Woodcreeper 24.6 33.5 26.2 27.2 31.9 17.9 3842 Ovenbirds Furnariidae Furnarius rufus Rufus Hornero 22.9 39.5 31.3 26 26 15.3 6030 Antbirds Formicariidae Taraba major Great Antshrike 28.4 45.6 35.9 25.5 25.2 12.5 4083 Antpipits Conopophagidae Conopophaga castaneiceps Chesnut-Crowned Gnateater 20.3 35.5 27 18.8 19 8.9 6014 Tapaculos Rhynocryptidae Scelorchilus albicollis White-Throated Tapaculo 27.7 46.7 37.8 22.2 20 11.6 224 Cotingas Cotingidae Rupicola rupicola Guianan Cock of the Rock 36.8 56.4 35.5 45.3 57.5 29 3699 Manakins Pipridae Tyrant Flycatchers Tyrannidae Compostoma absoletum Southern Beardless Tyrannulet 11.2 20.7 15.6 12.1 14.4 8.1 6285 Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-Bellied Flycatcher 12.5 22.7 16.1 14.4 18.6 9.7 7877 Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher 13.2 21.9 14.7 21.2 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher 13.3 22.2 21.1 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Muscigralla brevicauda Short-Tailed Field Tyrant 15.5 32.2 26.5 17.9 19.4 10.2 6304 Muscisaxicola plauinucha Ground-tyrant 19.4 41.2 32.2 22.3 28.3 17.1 7213 Myiobius barbatus Whiskered Flycatcher 13.6 21.3 16.3 14.4 17.7 8.6 3509 Pitangus sulforatus Great Kiskadee 24.1 39.7 26.9 30.1 39.6 18.2 3358 Platyrhinchus mystaceus White-Throated Spadebill 14.7 16.9 8.6 3451 Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermillion Flycatcher 13.1 21.3 16.3 17.2 20.4 11.8 6500 Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe 14.4 25.6 18.2 7728 Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird 18 29 WS 85-571 0.043 Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird 19.2 30.1 24 32.2 17.5 2557 Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird 25.3 32.8 18.1 1404 Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird 18.3 29 17.9 26.1 34.8 19.3 7600 Plantcutters Phytotomidae Sharpbills Oxyruncidae Pittas Pittidae Pitta erythrogaster Red-Breasted Pitta 30.3 52.2 42.4 30.1 32.8 17.3 6581 New Zealand Wrens Acanthisittidae "Asities, False Sunbirds" Philepittidae Menurae - Lyrebirds & Scrubbirds Lyrebirds Menuridae Menura novaehollandiae Superb Lyrebird 67.7 132 111.2 60.4 59 33.8 313 Scrub-birds Atrichornithidae Passeres - Songbirds Larks Aladinidae Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark 18 27 WS 81-303 0.046 Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark 17.7 28.9 20.6 23.2 26 14.6 7440 Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark 16.8 28.2 21.6 23 25.8 14.1 7439 Galerida theklae Thekla Lark 17.6 29 22.6 2905 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis Black Lark 23.4 36.2 25.6 29.4 31.1 18.8 188 Mirafa javanica Singing Bush Lark 19.3 30.7 23.4 22.1 22.9 12.6 7290 Swallows & Martins Hirundinidae Delichon urbica Common House Martin 15 21.3 12 1479 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 12.6 20.5 11.5 14.5 21.5 12.8 2697 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 12.4 19.5 10.8 14.3 19.7 13.2 4004 Progne subis Purple Martin 18 30 WS 63-82 0.058 Progne subis Purple Martin 18.4 30.2 16.4 21.8 31.2 17 1481 Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rough-Winged Swallow 12 20 WS 53-146 0.015 Cuckoo-Shrikes & Minivets Campephagidae Coracina caeruleogrisea Stout-Billed Greybird 34 45.6 29.3 40.6 43.8 23.5 6475 Drongos Dicruridae Dicrurus macroceros Black Drongo 21.8 34.8 22 28.4 39.1 19.9 3288 Old World Orioles Oriolidae Crows & Jays Corvidae Nucifraga columbiana Clark's Nuthatch 34 53 WS 50-276 0.13 Wattlebirds Callaeidae Heteralocha? actutirostis Wattlebird 47.7 93.6 74.4 42.1 41.8 24 350 Mudnest-builders Grallinidae Corcorax melanorhamphus White-Winged Chough 44.4 79.8 63.9 54.7 55.7 32 291 Butcherbirds & Bellmagpies Cracticidae Strepera graculina Pied Currawong 44.7 78.3 52.5 53.6 63.5 35.5 277 Bowerbirds Ptilonorhynchidae Birds of Paradise Paradisaeidae Titmice Paridae Parus ater Coal Tit 11.8 22.2 16 12.7 15.1 8.7 Norberg (1979) * * Parus carolinensis Carolina Chickadee 10.3 18.8 12 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Parus carolinensis Carolina Chickadee 10.3 18.9 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Parus cristatus Crested Tit 12.8 23.9 17.9 13.9 16.3 9.1 Norberg (1979) * * Parus montanus Willow Tit 12.9 23.8 16.6 13.6 16.3 9 Norberg (1979) * * Creepers Certhiidae Certhia familiaris Common Treecreeper 10.6 16.1 15.1 13 16.5 8.3 1487 Nuthatches & Allies Sittidae Sitta carolinensis White-Breasted Nuthatch 15.7 24.5 18.3 18.3 21.4 12.8 2526 Babblers & Allies Timaliidae Garrulax striatus Striated Laughing Thrush 34.2 58 42.9 31.5 31.5 18.2 286 Bulbuls Pycnonotidae Leafbirds & Allies Chloropseidae Dippers Cinclidae Cinclus cinclus White-Throated Dipper 20 36.8 27 20.5 23 14.2 361 Wrens Troglodytidae Mockingbirds & Thrashers Mimidae Toxostoma rufium Brown Thrasher 27.9 47.6 34.4 27.3 27.2 14.9 1801 Thrushes Turdidae Turdus migratorius American Robin 25.5 42 30.4 27.2 30 18.2 2701 Myiophoneus caeruleus Himalayan Blue Whistling Thrush 37.3 68.4 53.1 41.5 46.6 25.3 6059 Old World Warblers Sylviidae Regulus regulus Goldcrest 9.7 21.2 17.1 9.6 12.9 7.2 Norberg (1979) * Old World Flycatchers Muscicapidae Accentors Prunellidae Pipits & Wagtails Motacillidae Anthus correndera Correndera Pipit 16.2 29.3 22.4 19.9 21.2 11.2 3138 Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit 15.5 27.8 20.1 4016 Budytes flavus Budytes flavus 15.4 30.9 22.9 17.1 20.3 11.5 3091 Motacilla alba Pied Wagtail 16.1 31.5 22.9 19.6 23.7 13 6945 Waxwings & Allies Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing 18.1 28.8 20.5 24.7 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing 18 28.8 20.1 24.4 "Prange, Anderson, Rahn (1979)" Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing 19.5 30.6 18 20.7 24.6 13.6 2713 Wood-Swallows Artamidae Vanga-Shrikes Vangidae Shrikes Laniidae Gymnorhina tibicen Black-Backed Magpie 45.2 82.8 61.4 56 61.3 37.2 1405 Pitynasis gymnocephala Bornean Bristlehead 33 48 33.1 37 38.4 21.3 230 Starlings Sturnidae Gracula religiosa Southern Grackle 36.4 56.3 33.4 40.3 46.4 29.1 7027 Honeyeaters Meliphagidae Sunbirds Nectariniidae Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird 11.5 20.5 15.7 6880 Flowerpeckers Dicaeidae White-Eyes Zosteropiae Vireos Vireonidae Hawaiian Honeycreepers Drepanididae Wood Warblers & Bananaquits Parulidae Icterids Icteridae Tanagers Thraupidae Habia rubica Red-Throated Ant-Tanager 19.8 31.9 23.2 21.7 23.2 12 2455 New World Seedeaters Fringillidae Old World Seedeaters Ploceidae Sandcoleiformes - Coly-like Birds (extinct) Sandcoleidae Sandcoleus copiosus Sandcoleus (l) 36.7 50.1 - 46.3 41.2 25.9 Houde and Olson (1992) * Sandcoleus copiosus Sandcoleus (r) 36.5 50.9 28.1 45.6 41.6 - Houde and Olson (1992) * Anneavis anneae Anneavis (l) 27.7 43.3 23.7 41.7 37 21.6 Houde and Olson (1992) * Chascacocolius oscitans Chascacocolius (l) 25.1 - - 26.5 23.8 15.9 Houde and Olson (1992) * Chascacocolius oscitans Chascacocolius (r) - - - 26.5 - - Houde and Olson (1992) * MULL 1610 MULL 1610 255 465 MCZ Mull 1610 Diatryma Diatryma 340 MCZ Diatryma 1 * * Phororhacos inflatus Phororhacos 227 395 - - 110 76 Andrews (1900) * * Teratornis merriami Teratorn 317 421 167 Campbell & Tonni * * Solnhofen BMNH 37001 Archaeopteryx 70 90 44 83 69 34.3 Holtz (1994) * London Archaeopteryx 61 81 40 75 65 34.4 Holtz (1994) * Maxberg Archaeopteryx 58 80 72 63 33 Holtz (1994) * Haarlem Archaeopteryx 54 80 - - 30+ Holtz (1994) * Berlin HMN MB.1880/81 Archaeopteryx 53 69 36 63.5 54.4 28 Holtz (1994) * Eichstätt JM SoS 2257 Archaeopteryx 37 53 30 41.5 35 17.8 Holtz (1994) * Munich Archaeopteryx 48 71 40.5 55 53 25 Wellnhofer (1992) * Baptornis UNSM 200300 Baptornis 71 191 84 ~118 - - Martin (1976) * * Baptornis FMNH 395 Baptornis 72 191 83 - - - Martin (1976) * * Baptornis KUVP 2290 Baptornis 75 83 - 20.5 - Martin (1976) * * Cathayornis Cathayornis 23 29 17 27 26 14 Zhou (1992) * Concornis Concornis 31.1 27.4 14.1 From Figure * Confuciusornis Confuciusornis 33 41 21 - - - * Hesperornis 1200 L Hesperornis 99 298 136 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1200 R Hesperornis 99 298 130 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1206 L Hesperornis 96 132 152 - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1207 L Hesperornis 98.5 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1207 R Hesperornis 101 136 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1476 R Hesperornis 105 302 136 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Hesperornis 1477 R Hesperornis 97 - - - Marsh (1880) * * Iberomesornis Iberomesornis 15 19.2 Sanz and Bonaparte * Ichthyornis 1450 Ichthyornis 30.5 58 - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1723 Ichthyornis 57 - - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1732 Ichthyornis 57 - - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1739 Ichthyornis 58 - - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1730 Ichthyornis 62.5 - 31.5 Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1742 Ichthyornis 72 - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1447 Ichthyornis 71.5 - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1741 Ichthyornis - 71 - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1453 Ichthyornis - - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1740 Ichthyornis - - - Marsh (1880) * Ichthyornis 1724 Ichthyornis - - 39.5 Marsh (1880) * Madagascar Bird Madagascar Bird 86 121 48 Neuquenornis (L) Neuquenornis (L) >64.3 - Chiappe & Calvo (1994) * Neuquenornis (R) Neuquenornis (R) - 70.5 ? Chiappe & Calvo (1994) * Noguerornis (L) Noguerornis (L) 22 23.3 11.3 Lacasa Ruiz (1989) * Noguerornis (R) Noguerornis (R) 22.8 23.3 - Lacasa Ruiz (1989) * Sinornis Sinornis 14.4 23.8 12.5 Sereno (1992) * Chinese Enantiornithine Chinese Enantiornithine 31 41 ~18.5 Dong (1993) * Mononykus (L) Mononykus 138.6 175.2 36.7 18.2 9.5 Perle (1994) * * Mononykus (R) Mononykus 138.2 36.6 18.1 8.6 Perle (1994) * * Confuciusornis #1 Confuciusornis 67 64.3 33.5 G. Dyke (PC) * Confuciusornis #2 Confuciusornis 50 49.8 28.3 G. Dyke (PC) * Confuciusornis #3 Confuciusornis 64 52.4 26 G. Dyke (PC) * Confuciusornis #4 Confuciusornis 42 41 22.5 G. Dyke (PC) *