This ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_readme.txt file was generated on 2021-05-27 by Matthias Dehling GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title ANDEAN frugivory: data on plant–bird interactions and functional traits of plant and bird species from montane forests along the Andes Data from: Dehling DM, Bender IMA, Blendinger PG, Böhning-Gaese K, Muñoz MC, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Schleuning M, Stouffer DB (2021) Specialists and generalists fulfil important and complementary functional roles in ecological processes. Functional Ecology (in press) 2. Originators D. Matthias Dehling Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland Irene M. A. Bender Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CC34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina Pedro G. Blendinger Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CC34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina Marcia C. Muñoz Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Programa de Biología, Universidad de la Salle, Carrera 2 # 10-70, Bogotá, Colombia Marta Quitián Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Systematic Zoology Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan University (TMU), Tokyo, Japan Francisco Saavedra Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Instituto de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia Vinicio Santillán Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Eike-Lena Neuschulz, Matthias Schleuning Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3. Contact Matthias Dehling Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland e-mail: matthias.dehling@wsl.ch 4. Date of data collection: The networks were sampled between 2008-08-01 and 2015-12-31. 5. Geographic location of data collection See ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Metadata.txt 6. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: Argentina: CONICET (PIP 2009-1025, PIP 2014-592), FONCyT (PICT 2013-1280) Bolivia: DFG research grant (HE 3041/20-1) Colombia: Rufford Small Grant for Nature Conservation (# 11042-1); Graduate Student Scholarship ‘Francisco José de Caldas’, COLCIENCIAS (Depto Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Republica de Colombia) Ecuador: German Research Foundation (DFG) in the framework of the Research Bundle 823–825 “Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Monitoring and Research in South Ecuador” (PAK 825/1) and the Research Unit FOR2730 “Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador: RESPonse and feedback effECTs” Peru: Research funding programme ‘LOEWE—Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz’ of Hesse’s Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and the Arts; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD); German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118) ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: NA 2. Publications that cite or use the data: Bender IMA, Kissling WD, Böhning-Gaese K, Hensen I, Kühn I, Wiegand T, Dehling DM, Schleuning M (2017) Functionally specialised birds respond flexibly to seasonal changes in fruit availability. Journal of Animal Ecology 86: 800–811. Bender IMA, Kissling WD, Blendinger PG, Böhning-Gaese K, Hensen I, Kühn I, Muñoz MC, Neuschulz E-L, Nowak L, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Töpfer T, Wiegand T, Dehling DM, Schleuning M (2018) Morphological trait matching shapes plant-frugivore networks across the Andes. Ecography 41: 1910–1919. Blendinger PG, Ruggera RA, Núñez Montellano MG, Macchi L, Zelaya PV, Álvarez ME, Martín E, Osinaga Acosta O, Sánchez R, Haedo J (2012) Fine-tuning the fruit-tracking hypothesis: spatiotemporal links between fruit availability and fruit consumption by birds in Andean mountain forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 81: 1298-1310. Blendinger PG, Giannini NP, Zampini IC, Ordoñez R, Torres S, Sayago JE, Ruggera RA, Isla MI (2015) Nutrients in fruits as determinants of resource tracking by birds. The Ibis 157: 480-495. Blendinger PG, Martín E, Osinaga Acosta O, Ruggera RA, Aráoz E (2016) Fruit selection by Andean forest birds: influence of fruit temporal variation and functional traits. Biotropica 48: 677-686. Dehling DM, Stouffer DB (2018) Bringing the Eltonian niche into functional diversity. Oikos 127: 1711–1723. Dehling DM, Töpfer T, Schaefer HM, Jordano P, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M (2014) Functional relationships beyond species richness patterns: trait matching in plant-bird mutualisms across scales. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 1085–1093. Dehling DM, Jordano P, Schaefer HM, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M (2016) Morphology predicts species’ functional roles and their degree of specialization in plant–frugivore interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283: 20152444. Dehling DM, Peralta G, Bender IMA, Blendinger PG, Böhning-Gaese K, Muñoz MC, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Schleuning M, Stouffer DB (2020) Similar composition of functional roles in Andean seed-dispersal networks, despite high species and interaction turnover. Ecology 101: e03028. Dehling DM, Bender IMA, Blendinger PG, Böhning-Gaese K, Muñoz MC, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Schleuning M, Stouffer DB (2021) Specialists and generalists fulfil important and complementary functional roles in ecological processes. Functional Ecology (in press), doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13815. Donoso I, Sorensen MC, Blendinger PG, Kissling WD, Neuschulz EL, Mueller T, Schleuning MS (2020) Downsizing of animal communities triggers stronger functional than structural losses in seed-dispersal networks. Nature Communications 11: 1582. Muñoz MC, Schaefer HM, Böhning‐Gaese K, Schleuning M (2017) Importance of animal and plant traits for fruit removal and seedling recruitment in a tropical forest. Oikos 126: 823-832. Muñoz MC, Schaefer HM, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M (2017) Positive relationship between fruit removal by animals and seedling recruitment in a tropical forest. Basic and Applied Ecology 20: 31-39. Muñoz MC, Schaefer HM, Böhning-Gaese K, Neuschulz EL, Schleuning M (2017) Phylogenetic and functional diversity of fleshy-fruited plants are positively associated with seedling diversity in a tropical montane forest. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5: 93. Quitián M, Santillán V, Espinosa CI, Homeier J, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M, Neuschulz EL (2018) Elevation‐dependent effects of forest fragmentation on plant‐bird interaction networks in the tropical Andes. Ecography 41: 1497-1506. Quitián M, Santillán V, Bender IMA, Espinosa CI, Homeier J, Böhning‐Gaese K, Schleuning M, Neuschulz EL (2019) Functional responses of avian frugivores to variation in fruit resources between natural and fragmented forests. Functional Ecology 33: 399-410. Quitián M, Santillán V, Espinosa CI, Homeier J, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M, Neuschulz EL (2019) Direct and indirect effects of plant and frugivore diversity on structural and functional components of fruit removal by birds. Oecologia 189: 435–445. Saavedra F, Hensen I, Beck SG, Böhning-Gaese K, Lippok D, Töpfer T, Schleuning M (2014) Functional importance of avian seed dispersers changes in response to human induced forest edges in tropical seed-dispersal networks. Oecologia 176: 837-848. 3. Data derived from other sources. Data on bird body mass were derived from Dunning JB (2007) CRC handbook of avian body masses, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL 4. Recommended citation for this dataset: Dehling DM, Bender IMA, Blendinger PG, Muñoz MC, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Böhning-Gaese K, Neuschulz EL, Schleuning M (2021) ANDEAN frugivory: data on plant–bird interactions and functional traits of plant and bird species from montane forests along the Andes. Dryad Digital Repository. and Dehling DM, Bender IMA, Blendinger PG, Böhning-Gaese K, Muñoz MC, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Saavedra F, Santillán V, Schleuning M, Stouffer DB (2021) Specialists and generalists fulfil important and complementary functional roles in ecological processes. Functional Ecology (in press), doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13815. DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY.xlsx Contains all datasets listed below as Excel spreadsheets. NW_Argentina.txt NW_Bolivia_edge.txt NW_Bolivia_forest.txt NW_Colombia1.txt NW_Colombia2.txt NW_Ecuador1.txt NW_Ecuador2.txt NW_Ecuador3.txt NW_Peru1.txt NW_Peru2.txt Individual interaction networks in matrix format (columns: bird species, rows: plant species). ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Bird_traits.txt ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Plant_traits.txt Data on functional traits of bird and plant species, respectively, by country. ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Metadata.txt Metadata for all networks. METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: a. Sampling of interaction networks Argentina The interaction network was sampled at one site at Parque Sierra de San Javier, Tucumán in the Andes of north-west Argentina (Blendinger et al. 2012, 2015). The network was sampled in montane forest at 1000 masl. Data were collected bi-monthly between September 2008 and August 2010, resulting in twelve temporal replicates of the network (Blendinger et al. 2012, 2015). The bi-monthly sampling started in September 2008 and in October 2009, ensuring that the twelve temporal replicates represented all months of the year. Fruit removal by fruit-eating birds was recorded on all fleshy-fruited plant species located in a 300 m × 200 m plot. At each time period, during three sampling days, five observers traversed a block of 10 x 2 contiguous 20 x 20-m cells and recorded all fruit-consumption events for 20 min per cell. The total observation time was 600 h. Bolivia Interaction networks were sampled in the Andes of South West Bolivia (Saavedra et al. 2014) in the vicinity of Chulumani town in upper montane forests between 1700 and 2500 masl. Data were collected at 8 sites located in two large forest remnants. At each site, we established plots (each with a size of 100 m × 20 m) at the forest edge (10 m from the forest margin) and in the forest interior (160 m from the forest margin). Data were collected during four observation sessions, conducted during two dry seasons and two wet seasons between June 2010 and February 2012. We recorded seed removal by frugivorous birds on all fleshy-fruited plant species located in each plot. During each observation session, every plot was simultaneously observed by two observers on two consecutive days from 06:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. for a total of 24 hours. The total observation time was 768 h. Data only include legitimate seed-dispersal interactions (i.e., seed swallowing and seed removal from the tree). Colombia Networks were sampled at two sites in the Andes of Central Colombia (Muñoz et al. 2017). Network Colombia 1 was collected at Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún Quimbaya in a high montane forest at 1800 masl. Network Colombia 2 was collected at Parque Regional Ucumari in upper montane forest at 2700 masl. At each location, data were collected during four time periods. Sampling was done approximately every three months between February 2012 and November 2012, resulting in four temporal replicates of each network. Two replicates cover the rainy season (May and November) and two replicates the dry season (February and August). We recorded fruit removal by frugivorous birds on all fleshy-fruited plant species located in 100 m × 20 m plots (five plots in Santuario, five plots in Ucumari). During each time period, every plot was observed on five consecutive days between dawn and noon for a total of 30 hours. The total observation time was 600 h in Colombia 1 and 600 h in Colombia 2. Ecuador Networks were sampled in and around Podocarpus National Park in the south Ecuadorian Andes (Quitián et al. 2018). Network Ecuador 1 was sampled in an evergreen premontane forest at 1000 masl; network Ecuador 2 was sampled in a lower montane forest at 2000 masl; network Ecuador 3 was sampled in an upper montane forest at 3000 masl. Plant-frugivore interactions were sampled four times in 2014 and 2015, twice in the most humid season (May to July) and twice in the least humid season (October to December), resulting in four temporal replicates of each network. We recorded seed removal by frugivorous birds on all fleshy-fruited plant species located in 100 m × 30 m plots (three plots at every elevation). During each time period, every plot was observed on five consecutive days between dawn and noon for a total of 25 hours. The total observation time was 300 h for each of the three forest sites (Ecuador 1, 2, 3). Peru Interaction networks were sampled at two sites in the Cusco Province in the Andes of south-east Peru (Dehling et al. 2014). Network Peru 1 was collected in lower montane forest at 1500 masl. Network Peru 2 was collected in upper montane forest at 3000 masl. At each location, data were collected during four time periods. Sampling was done approximately every three months between December 2009 and September 2010, resulting in four temporal replicates of each network. The first two replicates cover the beginning and peak of the rainy season, the third and fourth replicate the beginning and peak of the dry season, respectively. We recorded seed removal by frugivorous birds on all fleshy-fruited plant species located in 100 m × 30 m plots (eight plots in San Pedro, six plots in Wayqecha). During each time period, every plot was observed on five consecutive days between dawn and noon for a total of 30 hours. The total observation time was 960 h in Peru 1 and 720 h in Peru 2 (Dehling et al. 2014). b. Sampling of bird traits Bird traits related to avian frugivory were collected for all bird species recorded in the interaction networks: beak length and beak width, body mass, Kipp’s index (a measure for the pointedness of the wing). Beak length, beak width and wing pointedness were measured on museum specimens following Eck et al. (2011). Beak length was measured as the distance from the commissural point of the upper and lower beak to the tip of the closed beak, and beak width (as an approximation for gape width) as the external distance between the two commissural points. Kipp’s index (i.e., hand-wing index) was measured as the distance from the tip of the first secondary to the wing tip (both measured on the folded wing), divided by wing length (measured on the lightly flattened wing). Data on body mass were compiled from Dunning (2007). If available, specimens from the same country were measured, but specimens from neighbouring countries were used if specimens from the country were not available. We aimed at measuring 2 females and 2 males of each species. Dunning JB (2007) CRC handbook of avian body masses, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL Eck S et al. (2011) Measuring birds - Vögel vermessen. Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, Wilhelmshaven c. Sampling of plant traits All morphological plant traits were measured in the field. For each plant recorded in the networks, we recorded fruit length and fruit diameter, plant height and crop size (the number of fruits on the plant, estimated for trees with very large crops). For epiphytes we recorded the height at which they grew. The product of mean crop size and mean fruit mass was used to estimate total fruit crop mass. For information on data collection please also refer to the original studies. 2. Methods for processing the data: Data on bird traits and plant traits present mean values per species. DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for NW_Argentina.txt NW_Bolivia_edge.txt NW_Bolivia_forest.txt NW_Colombia1.txt NW_Colombia2.txt NW_Ecuador1.txt NW_Ecuador2.txt NW_Ecuador3.txt NW_Peru1.txt NW_Peru2.txt 1. Number of bird species: Argentina 25 Bolivia_edge 41 Bolivia_forest 22 Colombia1 45 Colombia2 39 Ecuador1 51 Ecuador2 38 Ecuador3 13 Peru1 61 Peru2 26 2. Number of plant species: Argentina 27 Bolivia_edge 31 Bolivia_forest 18 Colombia1 22 Colombia2 26 Ecuador1 26 Ecuador2 20 Ecuador3 20 Peru1 52 Peru2 51 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Bird_traits.txt 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 346 3. Variable List: Country Name of the country where network was sampled (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) Species Name of the bird species KippsIndex Distance from the tip of the first secondary to the wing tip (both measured on the folded wing), divided by wing length (measured on the lightly flattened wing) (ratio) BillLength Distance from the commissural point of the upper and lower beak to the tip of the closed beak (mm) BillWidth External distance between the two commissural points (mm) Bodymass Weight of birds (g) DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Plant_traits.txt 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 272 3. Variable List: Country Name of the country where network was sampled (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) Species Name of the plant species meanL Mean fruit length (mm) meanD1 Mean fruit diameter (mm) meanHeight Mean plant height (m) CropMass Mean number of fruits per tree * mean fruit weight (g) DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for ANDEAN_FRUGIVORY_Metadata.txt 1. Number of variables: 14 2. Number of cases/rows: 10 3. Variable List: Network Name of the network Country Country where network was sampled Latitude Latitude (decimal) Longitude Longitude (decimal) SamplingFocus Indication of whether networks were sampled based on focal observations of plants or birds NumberSamplingMonths Duration of study (months) SamplingHours Total number of hours each networks was sampled SamplingDesign Indication of whether networks were sampled by observations of individual focal plant species or observation of plants within a plot DataType Unit of observation that constitutes a species interaction SamplingCoverage Indication of whether sampling focus included entire species community of birds (complete) or only a subset of the bird species (subset) Elevation_masl Elevation (masl) of the site at which a network was sampled Habitat Habitat of the site at which a network was sampled NumberOfInteractions Number of observed interactions in the network NumberOfBirdSpecies Number of bird species in the network NumberOfPlantSpecies Number of plant species in the network