***************************** OSMIA IRIDIS PARSIVOLTINISM DATA FILES ***************************** File created 11 November 2018 ***************************** These data files accompany: J.R.K. Forrest, R. Cross, and P.J. CaraDonna. 2018. “TWO-YEAR BEE, OR NOT TWO-YEAR BEE? HOW VOLTINISM IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND SEASON LENGTH IN A HIGH-ELEVATION SOLITARY BEE”, American Naturalist XXX: xxx-xxx. ***************************** CONTENTS All files are tab-delimited text. 1. Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2013-14.txt. This file contains data from the 2013 summer-duration experiment. These data are represented in Table 1 of the manuscript. 2. Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2014-15.txt. Data from the 2014 summer-duration experiment. These data are represented in Table 1 of the manuscript. 3. Osmia_iridis_2015_summer_incubator_expt.txt. Data from the constant-summer-temperature experiment, represented in Fig. 3A-B of the manuscript. Sapygids and bees older than 10 d (from the estimated date laid) at start of experiment have been excluded from this dataset. Contains observations of bee larval developmental stage every two days. 4. Osmia_iridis_2016_summer_incubator_expt.txt. Data from the fluctuating-summer-temperature experiment, represented in Fig. 3C-D of the manuscript. Sapygids have been removed from this dataset. File includes observations of bee larval developmental stage every 5 d. Dataset includes bees that were brought to the lab too late to be put in the 3WE or 5W treatments (i.e., those for which start date of experiment was earlier than date brought to lab), even though these were excluded from analysis. 5. Osmia_iridis_development_by_DD_2015-16.txt. Data on Osmia development from field sites and the six experimental treatments (2 from 2015 and 4 from 2016). Includes calculated degree-days to reach each developmental stage, calculated using various threshold temperatures (indicated by "DD>XX to stage", where XX represents the threshold temperature used in degree-day calculation). These data are represented in Fig. 4 of the manuscript. 6. NOAA_CB_data.txt. These are the data as obtained from the NOAA Crested Butte weather station but with interpolated values for missing dates (indicated in “missing data” column), plus sunrise & sunset times used to calculated corrected daily mean temperatures (Tsim) and degree-days above 12 C. Note that interpolations were done only for days in June-Sept and for years that were being retained for analysis (i.e., excluding 1952, 1954, 1955, 1978, 1979, 1981). “Actual mean temp” data are from HOBO dataloggers at our Brush Creek field site for 2008-2009 and 2014-15, used to parameterize Tsim formula. 7. NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015.txt. This file contains the monthly cumulative degree-days >12C for each year, as well as annual summer totals and DD12 in the 6 weeks from mean O. iridis lay date, calculated from the NOAA weather station data in file #6. 8. NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015_by_day.txt. This file contains daily degree-days above 12C for each day of summer, by year. Also includes calculated columns with cumulative degree-days for each day of year, and a column for number of Osmia iridis eggs laid on each day of the year in 2015 (i.e. data used to generate Fig. 5). 9. Osmia_iridis_parsivoltinism_stats.txt. Data on numbers of bees taking one or more years to reach adulthood in different years and sites, along with calculated degree-days above 12C in each site/year (i.e., data used for Fig. 6). 10. Forrest_HOBO_data_May2013-Dec2016.txt. Temperature data from HOBO data-loggers at study sites, used to calculate degree-day values in file #5. ***************************** ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (VARIABLE NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS) Missing values are blank throughout. Variables common to Files 1-4: Site: Two- or three-letter code identifying study site where nest was collected. Nest ID: Nest identifier consisting of site code + nest block identifier (normally A-N) + hole number (1-10). A suffix letter "b" indicates a second nest constructed in the same hole. Nest blocks at RP are additionally labelled according to whether they were positioned high ("H") or low ("L") on the three; this is indicated after the nest block letter (A-L). Cell number: Brood cell number within nest. Numbered consecutively, starting with the innermost = 1. Bee code: Unique identifier for the larval bee obtained by concatenating the two previous variables. Approx date laid: Estimated date on which egg was laid. Estimated based on observations of nest progression at 3-8 d intervals. Approx day of year laid: As above but represented as day since Jan. 1 of that year. Date nest brought to lab: Date on which nest was collected from the field and placed in incubator. Days in field: Difference between the two previous columns. Date of winter onset: Date on which incubator temperatures were set to the overwintering temperature of 0 Celsius. Days in lab pre-winter: Difference between Date nest brought to lab and Date of winter onset. Duration of first summer: "short" (corresponds to early winter onset) or "long" (late winter onset). Stage: Developmental stage, recorded at various times as indicated. E: egg L or FL: feeding (pre-defecating) larva DL: defecating larva SL: spinning larva (level not included in analysis; means larva had begun to produce silk threads but had not yet completed a cocoon LC: larva in cocoon P or PC: pupa in cocoon AC: adult in cocoon C: cocoon (not opened to check developmental stage) A: adult Status: alive or dead, recorded at various times, as indicated. "no occupant" indicates egg or larva had died or could not be seen. Year of pupation: Year in which larva developed into pupa. Values are 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, or NA (for bees that died before pupation). Date of emergence: For bees that emerged as adults, recorded as dd-mmm-yy. Note that some dates are given as a range or preceded by a "less than" (i.e., earlier than) symbol. Days from incubation to emergence: Difference between Date of emergence and 8 June 2015. Year of emergence: Values are 2015, 2016, 2017, or NA (for bees that failed to emerge as adults). Sex: M (male) or F (female), recorded only for bees that reached adulthood. Additional variables for File 1 (Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2013-14.txt): Mother ID: Mother's paint marking. These are unique within sites. Mother Unique ID: Unique identifier for the mother bee, obtained by concatenating the site code and the mother ID. Treatment assigned: "early-early" - early "winter" onset (13 Sept 2013) + early "spring" (2 May 2014) "late-early" - late "winter" onset (25 Oct 2013) + early "spring" (2 May 2014) "late-late" - late "winter" onset (25 Oct 2013) + late "spring" (13 June 2014). Bees in this treatment were not included in analysis. Status 13 July 2015: Recorded only for bees that had not previously been recorded as dead or emerged. Final status: dead or emerged Additional variables for File 2 (Osmia_iridis_summer_duration_expt_2014-15.txt): Treatment assigned: "early-early" - early "winter" onset (1 Oct 2014) + early "spring" (9 May 2015) "early-late" - early "winter" onset (1 Oct 2014) + late "spring" (8 June 2015) "late-early" - late "winter" onset (31 Oct 2014) + early "spring" (9 May 2015) "late-late" - late "winter" onset (31 Oct 2014) + late "spring" (8 June 2015) Status July 2017: dead, emerged, "alive?", or unknown (for one missing specimen; see Notes) Date of pupation 2015: Date first recorded as a pupa, during weekly observations of developmental stage. Days to pupation 2015: Days from start of "spring" to pupation. Additional variables for File 3 (Osmia_iridis_2015_summer_incubator_expt.txt): Treatment: Cool or Warm. See article for details. Age at start of experiment: Difference between date laid and date brought to lab. Date of death: Date first observed to be dead. Days to death: Days from date laid to date of death. Last day in expt: Equal to date of death (if dead before 14 Aug. 2015) or 14 Aug. 2015. Last DOY in expt: Day of year (from Jan. 1) corresponding to previous variable. Hatch DOY: Day of year larva first observed. NA for individuals that died as eggs. Defecation DOY: Day of year frass first observed. Cocoon DOY: Day of year complete cocoon first observed (larva no longer visible beneath silk). Pupation DOY: Day of year pupa first observed (by opening cocoon). Dead in summer 2015 (Y/N): Did the individual die before 14 Aug. 2015? Pupated yr 1 (2015): Binary variable, recorded only if the individual pupated: 1 if this occurred in 2015, 0 if not. Pupated yr 2 (2016): Binary variable, recorded only if the individual pupated: 1 if this occurred in 2016, 0 if not. Pupated (Y/N): Did the individual pupate, ever? The remaining columns are dates of observations of developmental stage or status; codes as above. 27 Aug 16: only checked status of bees previously identified as unemerged adults. 10, 13, 17, and 21 June 2017: only noted bees that had emerged as adults since the last date. Additional variables for File 4 (Osmia_iridis_2016_summer_incubator_expt.txt): Capsule number: Unique identifier for gelatine capsule containing the larva. Treatment: See article for additional details. 5C: 5 weeks cool cycle 3WE (“3 weeks warm-early”): 3 weeks warm cycle + 2 weeks cool cycle 3WL (3 weeks warm-late”): 2 weeks cool cycle + 3 weeks warm cycle 5W: 5 weeks warm cycle. Pupated yr 1 (2016): 1 = yes, 0 = no (never pupated, or pupated in yr 2) Pupated yr 2 (2017): 1 = yes, 0 = no (never pupated, or pupated in yr 1) File 5: Osmia_iridis_development_by_DD_2015-16.txt. Several variables as above. Additional variables as follows: Unique nest ID: Variable created by concatenating Nest ID and last two digits of year of nest construction. Unique bee ID: Variable created by concatenating Unique nest ID and Cell number. Treatment: Field: nest left in situ at field site. Cool: 2015 cool incubator treatment Warm: 2015 warm incubator 5C, 3WE, 3WL, 5W: see 2016 incubator treatments, described for file 4 above. Dead in first summer: Not recorded for "Field" treatment (left blank). 55 columns (e.g. "DD>15 to hatching") report the calculated degree-days above the stated threshold temperature (in degrees Celsius) from the estimated date laid until the date of the event (e.g. hatching). Values are calculated taking into account the number of days spent in the field and/or in each incubator. File 6: NOAA_CB_data.txt. STATION: weather station code (from NOAA) STATION_NAME: weather station name DATE: date as yyyymmdd TMAX C: maximum daily temperature in degrees Celsius TMIN C: minimum daily temperature in degrees Celsius (TMIN+TMAX)/2: average of TMAX C and TMIN C Sunrise: time of day of sunrise, as a proportion of a 24-hr day. Values obtained from U.S. Naval Observatory for Crested Butte in 2016. Sunset: time of day of sunset, as a proportion of a 24-hr day. Values obtained from U.S. Naval Observatory for Crested Butte in 2016. Actual mean temp: mean daily temperature calculated from hourly HOBO datalogger readings at Brush Creek (BC) study site, 2008-2009 and 2014-2015. Tsim: corrected daily mean temperature using formula of Dall'Amico and Hornsteiner (2006). DD>12: daily degree-days above a base temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, calculated from Tsim values. Missing data: flagged by a "y" when one or both of TMIN or TMAX was missing from original data file. Values have been interpolated for missing dates between June and October. File 7: NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015.txt. June-Oct total DD>12: summed degree-days above a threshold temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, from June 1 to Oct 31 (inclusive), in a given year. Total D178-D219 (first 6 wks from mean lay date): summed degree-days above a threshold temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, from day of year 178 to day of year 219 (inclusive), i.e. the six weeks after the mean date on which Osmia iridis eggs are laid, in a given year. Total D178 to end Oct: summed degree-days above a threshold temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, from day of year 178 to Oct 31 (inclusive), in a given year. etc. File 8: NOAA_CB_DD12_1950-2015_by_day.txt. Day of year: day of year (Jan. 1 = 1) No. O. iridis eggs laid 2015: Number of Osmia iridis eggs laid at field sites on each day of the year in 2015. Columns "1950" to "2015" contain the number of degree-days above a threshold temperature of 12 degrees Celsius on that day in that year. Columns "Cum.1950" to "Cum.2015" contain the cumulative number of degree-days above 12C for that day in that year, summed from day of year 152 to the day of year indicated by the row. File 9: Osmia_iridis_parsivoltinism_stats.txt. Sum of Number of ?2-yr bees: number of bees taking at least 2 years to reach adulthood (? replaces a greater-than-or-equal-to symbol). Most of these would be two-year bees, but some individuals from 2014 (those from the summer-duration experiment) took more than 2 years. File 10: Forrest_HOBO_data_May2013-Dec2016.txt. Reading: unique identifier Date Time, GMT-06:00: date and time (Mountain time zone). Dates are as dd/mm/yyyy. Times are on a 24 hr clock. Month: month of reading (numeric) Day: day of month of reading Day of year: day of year from Jan. 1 FT: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at FT site by HOBO datalogger. BC: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at BC site. MCB: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at MCB site. Data end on June 10, 2016. RP: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at RP site. Data start on June 2, 2013. KP: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at KP site. Data start on June 1, 2014. KC: temperature in degrees Celsius as recorded at KC site. Data start on May 29, 2014. ***************************