### GENERAL Data for: Agricultural expansion and the ecological marginalization of forest-dependent people Date of data collection: Spring 2018 Geographic location: Gran Chaco ecoregion, South America ### DESCRIPTION The data contained in the three ZIP files represents the following information on smallholder homestead distribution and dynamics across the Gran Chaco ecoregion: - presence of smallholder homesteads for target years in five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell] - net loss of smallholder homesteads between five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell] - net gain of smallholder homesteads between five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell] The original, digitized point data cannot be made publicly available because it could potentially increase the vulnerability of smallholders and/or result in (re-)identification of households. The raw data are maintained at the Conservation Biogeography Lab at the Geography Department of Humboldt-University Berlin (http://hu.berlin/biogeo). Please contact Tobias Kuemmerle (tobias.kuemmerle@hu-berlin.de) for more information. ### DATA GENERATION The following workflow has been applied to generate smallholder homestead data at 10x10km² resolution. 1. Aggregation of smallholder presence maps from 1x1km² to 10x10km² -> percentage share of smallholder presence per 10x10km² grid cell 2. Difference of smallholder presence at 1x1km² between time steps -> change maps [-1 = loss, 0 = persistence, 1 = gain] of net changes in smallholder presence 3. Reclassification into smallholder homestead loss and gain at 1x1km² between time steps -> change maps of smallholder homestead loss (0 = no loss, 1 = loss) and gain (0 = no gain, 1 = gain) 4. Aggregation binary smallholder loss and gain maps from 1x1km² to 10x10km² -> percentage share of smallholder loss or gain per 10x10km² grid cell Example: - presence: a value of 50 for this layer represents 50 smallholder homestead locations per 10x10km² grid cell (i.e., 50/100) - loss: a value of 25 for this layer represents 25 smallholder homestead locations that disappeared between time steps per 10x10km² grid cell (i.e., 25/100) - gain: a value of 30 for this layer represents 30 smallholder homestead locations that emerged between time steps per 10x10km² grid cell (i.e., 30/100) ### CITATION Please use the following citation*: Levers C, Romero-Muñoz A, Baumann M, De Marzo, T, Fernández PD, Gasparri NI, Gavier-Pizarro GI, le Polain de Waroux Y, Piquer-Rodríguez M, Semper-Pascual A & Kuemmerle T (2021). Agricultural expansion and the ecological marginalization of forest-dependent people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, xxxx. *as data has been uploaded to Dryad before official publication, please check and update bibliographic details (year, volume, issue, pages, DOI).