Effects of adult and egg predators on hatching plasticity of the pulmonate limpet
Data files
Jul 18, 2025 version files 143.61 KB
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RawData_byYW250109.xlsx
135.47 KB
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README.md
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Abstract
In response to predation threats during the embryonic period, prey from diverse taxonomic groups exhibit plasticity in their hatching timing. In theory, predators of adult prey, as well as predators of eggs or embryos, can influence hatching timing. Similarly, not only embryos but also parents of prey can regulate hatching timing. However, research on the influence of adult predators and adult prey on hatching timing in species with separate predators for adults and eggs remains limited. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated this phenomenon in marine invertebrates under natural conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of life-stage-specific predators (i.e., adult and egg predators) on the hatching timing of the pulmonate limpet (Siphonaria sirius), which undergoes planktonic development on an intertidal rocky shore. The presence of adult predators before and after egg-laying did not affect the hatching timing. Furthermore, while the egg predators present before egg-laying did not influence hatching timing, those present after egg-laying accelerated it. The results indicate that embryos, rather than their parents, determine hatching timing in response to their own predation risk. This finding highlights a strategy in which organisms with planktonic development rely on embryonic plasticity to mitigate strong predation risks during the egg stage. To understand how predation risk shapes predator-prey dynamics, it is critical to identify how predators, specific to each life-history stage of prey (such as adult and egg), interact with prey at different life-history stages during key events like reproduction.
Description of the data and file structure
Raw data "RawData_byYW250109.xlsx" includes "predators number (Data1)", "predation amount (Data2)", "adult prey shell length_2014 (Data3)", "adult prey shell length_2015 (Data4)", "experimental plot size, adult prey number, egg mass number_2014 (Data5)", "egg number_2014 (Data6)", "egg size_2014 (Data7)", "hatching timing_2014 (Data8)", "embryo development_2014 (Data9)", "experimental plot size, adult prey number, egg mass number_2015 (Data10)", "egg number_2015 (Data11)", "egg size_2015 (Data12)", "hatching timing_2015 (Data13)", "embryo development_2015 (Data14)" that were obtained in the field and laboratory experiment.
Data1
date: date of data collection
day: data collection time; d: daytime, n: nighttime
species: predator species; s: Tenguella musiva, u: Drupella margariticola , i:Reishia clavigera
predation: the number of predators preying on prey egg masses
total: the total number of predators
Data2
ID: ID of prey egg masses
Psize: shell length of the egg predator Tenguella musiva
am_length: egg mass length (mm) measured during the morning survey
am_width: egg mass width (mm) measured during the morning survey
pm_length: egg mass length (mm) measured during the afternoon survey (12 hours after the morning survey)
pm_width: egg mass width (mm) measured during the afternoon survey (12 hours after the morning survey)
am_volume: egg mass volume (cubic millimeter) calculated from the data obtained during the morning survey
pm_volume: egg mass volume (cubic millimeter) calculated from the data obtained during the afternoon survey
predation_volume: egg mass volume (cubic millimeter) predated by the egg predator for 12 hours
Data3
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
ID: adult prey ID in each experimental plot
adult_mm: adult prey shell length (mm)
Data4
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
ID: adult prey ID in each experimental plot
adult_mm: adult prey shell length (mm)
Data5
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment
Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
rock_m2: the area of the experimental plot for Experiment 1 (square meters)
population: number of the prey Siphonaria sirius in the experimental plot for Experiment 1
day1: number of egg masses laid by the prey on 12-Sep-2014
day2: number of egg masses laid by the prey on 13-Sep-2014
totalnumber: total number of egg masses laid by the prey
Data6
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment
Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID
eggmassmg: weight of each egg mass fragment (mg)
number: number of eggs in each egg mass fragment
Data7
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment
Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID
IDegg: egg ID in each egg mass fragment
long_egg: long axis diameter of the egg (mm)
short_egg: short axis diameter of the egg (mm)
eggsize: egg volume (cubic millimeters)
Data8
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment
Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
low_tide: the number of low tides (i.e., emergence from seawater) experienced by each egg mass before hatching
Data9
Block: block ID for Experiment 1
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1
Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment
Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
X0.5: developmental stage of each embryo after 12 hours; B: blastula, G: gastrula
X1: developmental stage of each embryo after 24 hours; G: gastrula, T: trochophore
Data10
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment
After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment
rock_m2: the area of the experimental plot for Experiment 2 (square meters)
population: number of the prey Siphonaria sirius in the experimental plot for Experiment 2
day1: number of egg masses laid by the prey on 2-Sep-2015
day2: number of egg masses laid by the prey on 3-Sep-2015
totalnumber: total number of egg masses laid by the prey
weight: weight of a whole egg mass (mg)
Data11
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment
After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment
IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID
eggmassmg: weight of each egg mass fragment (mg)
number: number of eggs in each egg mass fragment
Data12
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment
After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment
IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID
IDegg: egg ID in each egg mass fragment
long_egg: long axis diameter of the egg (mm)
short_egg: short axis diameter of the egg (mm)
eggsize: egg volume (cubic millimeters)
Data13
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment
After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment
low_tide: the number of low tides (i.e., emergence from seawater) experienced by each egg mass before hatching
Data14
Block: block ID for Experiment 2
Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural
Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment
After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment
X0.5: developmental stage of each embryo after 12 hours; B: blastula, G: gastrula
X1: developmental stage of each embryo after 24 hours; G: gastrula, T: trochophore
Sharing/Access information
No other data-sharing sources are available. Please contact the corresponding author (Yoko Wada: yoko_wada@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp) if you want to use the data.